Government procurement

Public procurement

See, e.g., in China, the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, articles 22 and 27 the Shenzhen City Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 31 the Zhuhai City Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 29 and the Hefei City Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 25.

The way government does its procurement affects the format of electronic auctions in public procurement.

See the Zhejiang Province Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 8 the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 6 and the Xuzhou City Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 8.

See the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 19 and the Zhejiang Province Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 22.

See, in China, the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 22 the Shunyi District of Beijing Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 20 and the Liuzhou City Rules of Implementation for Public Procurement through Online Procurement , article 22.

See, e.g., the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding , article 6, and the Zhejiang Province Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding , article 8.

See, e.g., the Public Procurement Law of Poland (article 80(2)) and, in China, the Zhejiang Province Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 22.

Public Procurement Code, article 56(3).

See, in China, the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding , article 19 and the Zhejiang Province Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 22.

See, e.g., the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 17 and the Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding of Shunyi District of Beijing, article 15.

Article 78(2) of the Public Procurement Law of Poland.

See, e.g., the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding.

See, e.g., article 22 of the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding.

See, e.g., in the Philippines, the Act providing for the Modernization, Standardization and Regulation of the Procurement Activities of the Government and for Other Purposes, Republic Act No. 9184 (the Government Procurement Reform Act ), section 6, which states that the Government Procurement Policy Board shall pursue the development of generic procurement manuals, the use of which once issued shall be mandatory upon all procuring entities.

See, e.g., the Zhejiang Province Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding , article 22.

COMPRASNET (www.comprasnet.gov.br) is the web platform for e Government Procurement of the Federal Government in Brazil.

For example, in Australia, public procurement is largely governed by government procurement policies, consisting of Commonwealth Procurement Guidelines, Finance Circulars and Procurement Guidance, the latter including a range of web based and printed guidance documents developed by the Department of Finance and Administration to assist agencies and officials to implement the Government's procurement policy.

In China, ERAs are open only to members of the local online public procurement bidding system maintained by local public procurement centres.

Table 4 Benefits and beneficiaries of electronic government procurement

See, e.g., in China, the Liuzhou City Rules of Implementation for Public Procurement through Online Procurement, article 19.

See Purchase Contract Awards Act 2002 of Austria, para. 116.10(4) and article 79(2) of the Public Procurement Law of Poland.

See, e.g., the Working Procedure for Online Procurement Bidding (Office Equipment), article 6, under the Zhejiang Province Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding.

A recent EC communication proposes a framework for services GP basically providing for commitments on GP to be taken within the framework of schedules of specific commitments, listed in a fifth column on limitations on GP.

Table 5.

In the context of WTO, government procurement is subject to transparency obligations not only under the GPA but also article X.1 of GATT and article III.1 of GATS, with the result that the number of States obliging to publish measures relating to government procurement is not limited to the States parties to the GPA.

See, e.g., Purchase Contract Awards Act 2002 of Austria, para. Also, the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding, article 14.

See, e.g., the Public Procurement Law of Poland, article 75(2) and Purchase Contract Awards Act 2002 of Austria, para.

Such a requirement is found in article 75(1) of the Public Procurement Law of Poland.

Public Procurement Law of Poland of 29 January 2004, article 74(2).

The United States Government may not procure, or enter into any contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from a sanctioned person

In China, regulations on online public procurement bidding have been adopted by a number of local governments while in Singapore, the subject is regulated by internal documents of procuring agencies.

Full transparency continues to be ensured in the area of Government procurement.

Upon receipt of the application documents, the procurement centre will examine and decide, within the period of time set by law, whether to grant membership to the suppliers (see articles 7 9 of the Shanghai Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding and article 11 of the Interim Measures for the Management of Online Public Procurement Bidding of Shunyi District of Beijing).

Total procurement on behalf of Governments amounted to just US 157 million, or 3.5 per cent of the organizations' aggregate spending in 2002.

International Cooperation and the Reform of Public Procurement Policies. www.evenett.com working revisedevenetthoekman.pdf

See, e.g., appendix IV to the GPA listing publications utilized by States parties to the GPA for the publication of texts under paragraph 1 of article XIX of the GPA.

See, e.g., appendix IV to the GPA listing publications utilized by States parties to the GPA for the publication of texts under paragraph 1 of article XIX of the GPA.

a UNFPA executed projects include procurement assistance by the UNFPA headquarters Procurement Unit in respect of government projects amounting to 72.6 million.

This approach is said to be taken in the revised GPA as well (see above, footnote 14).

Empirical studies demonstrate that ERAs are currently being used in public procurement in some countries and are being considered for introduction in some others.

Comparative study of practical experience with the use of electronic (reverse) auctions in public procurement

EU current directives in the field of public procurement were not written with ERA procurement technique in mind.

The paper cites the example of the Republic of Korea's Government Electronic Procurement System which cost US 26 million to develop but saves US 2.7 billion of all government procurement valued at US 17.1 billion.