Wholesale prices followed trends similar to those of retail prices.

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

The guidance price of RMB1,499 was RMB200 higher than the previous retail price of RMB1,299.

This was evidence of resale price maintenance, which affects intrabrand competition and limits the right of the retailer to apply his own sale prices.

Cocaine seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994

4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 6

9. Cocaine seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 9

They operate at the margin between ex factory and wholesale and retail prices.

In 2004, the retail market in Viet Nam was worth about 20 billion.

Figure 4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994

The European average real retail price of cocaine in 1994 was about 45 per cent of the 1983 price.

A review of the retail sector in the last 20 years has revealed that the rise of e commerce was similar to the emergence of discount retailers many years ago both were focused on price and convenience.

Consumer demand has been the main factor responsible for lower prices in retailing.

Large retailers may also engage in selling below cost and predatory pricing whereby prices are cut aggressively to force competitors to sell at a loss.

While the first operates fixed point of sale locations, non store retailers or retailers away from a fixed location reach customers and market merchandise with methods such as broadcasting infomercials , paper and electronic catalogues, door to door solicitation and selling from portable stalls.

The publishing, merchandising, and sale of the series have allowed those projects to become viable and independent.

Perhaps most important, current retail petrol prices are readily visible.

Retailers could exercise their power in setting prices at the local level.

Retail and wholesale prices of cocaine, in contrast, declined fairly steadily in a similar manner to those of heroin, as shown in figure 9.

In 2002, for example, China's retail market was worth 4,000 billion, larger than all non Japan Asian countries combined, and represented 5 per cent of worldwide retail sales.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

Retailers operating internationally can also resort to so called transfer pricing.

However, the retail price (price to the consumer) at stage (d) of the same 25 kilogram bag is 15 to 20.

Retail trade 353

Retail sellers of petrol in four Brazilian cities were prosecuted for price fixing agreements.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Now just hang on to me tonight... and you'll have a great time, and at retail prices.

Retail fuel dealers

Wholesale and retail trade

27. Retail and wholesale

The Commission sanctioned Panamco Tica by imposing a fine of 34,028,360 and compelled it to amend the relevant clauses in the contracts to specify that the price lists are merely recommended, and not compulsory, and that the price to be applied for resale is to be determined by the retailer.

According to a Hong Kong Oriental Daily report made on August 12, the current diamond sales in Mainland China were accused of three major problems, including the false marking of diamond clarity to raise sales price, false diamond weight and unguaranteed aftersales, etc.

In terms of retail sales, the prices of gasoline at No. 92 and No. 95 of Beijing CNPC and Sinopec gas stations are 7.66 yuan liter and 8.15 yuan liter respectively.

The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

With 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail outlet density in the world.

Furthermore, it was decided that further investigations to test the recommended retail price regime were necessary in order to ensure that realistic market prices prevailed in the market in Zambia.

Wholesale and retail petrol

Retail trade and repair services

Significantly broaden distribution via retail and the Internet.

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

The informal retailing sector will have a role to play once markets are opened and formal retailing expands.

In practice, they are more likely to increase retail markups and lower cost pass through. The estimated price pass through for imported manufactured goods, which would better represent what enters the consumption bundle, is even lower than that for all non fuel imports.

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

In Europe, for example, on line retailing accounts for 2 per cent of total grocery sales, but it is growing by 50 per cent annually.