It was the result of decades of sustained activism, shareholder advocacy and consumer advocacy.

Ownership and shareholder rights

Widely held and controlled companies differ considerably in the governance problems their investors face. In widely held firms, the concern is about opportunism by managers, who exercise de facto control in controlled firms, the concern is about opportunism by the controlling shareholder at the expense of minority shareholders.

Article 12 had been included as a saving clause to protect the interests of shareholders in instances where their rights had been directly injured by an internationally wrongful act.

Maximizing shareholder value over a particular time period may satisfy the interests of some shareholders but violate the interests of others. The simple theory of profit maximization assumes away the conflicting interests of diverse shareholders.

A large body of empirical evidence indicates that corporate governance and investor protection are better in countries that are more advanced in their economic and political development. This pattern is usually interpreted as support for the argument that improved corporate governance and investor protection leads to such development.

(2) the top five shareholders' name, proportion of stock, and whether their stocks have been mortgaged or frozen and

In disclosing beneficial (or ultimate) ownership, information should also be provided about shareholder agreements, voting caps and cross shareholdings, as well as the rights of different classes of shares that the company may have issued.

Article 28 The Company shall, item by item, report changes in shareholder's equity of the current period, and specify reasons for such changes.

In many but by no means all countries, the primary corporate objective is to maximize the long term return to shareholders (shareholder value).

The beneficiary ownership structure of an enterprise is of great importance in an investment decision, especially with regard to the equitable treatment of shareholders.

After the transaction is completed, Geely Holding will own 8.2 of the Volvo Group, becoming its largest shareholder and holding 15.6 of the voting rights.

2 Actually control 5 equity or more of the securities firm by holding equity of the shareholders of the securities firm or by any other means.

Since the 1980 s, shareholder value has increasingly become the focus of corporate governance. Managers and board members often receive stock based compensation, which gives them equity ownership rights and, in turn, creates a powerful incentive to maximize the market value of their companies shares.

That assumption would be valid only if the municipal law of the State gave foreign shareholders unreasonably weaker rights than those granted to national shareholders.

In such a scenario, the State of nationality of any such shareholders would be entitled to exercise diplomatic protection on their behalf.

Allowing managers to buy shares at prices fixed in advance was intended to align their interests with those of other shareholders by giving them a personal stake in building the value of the company. But, for some managers, stock options have created an incentive to inflate profits and hide losses, thereby enriching themselves artificially while jeopardizing their companies and other shareholders.

At present, Jia Yueting is LeTV's largest shareholder, holding 25.67 of the shares, all of which have been basically pledged.

Major shareholders such as institutional investors should not have privileged access to information that is unavailable to minority shareholders.

Article 3 Any units or individuals shall not use the material assets reorganization to damage the lawful rights of listed companies and their shareholders.

A State of nationality of shareholders in a corporation shall not be entitled to exercise diplomatic protection in respect of such shareholders in the case of an injury to the corporation unless

You guys have things here in Silicon Valley like stock options.

Thanks to U.S. stock market gains and yen devaluation overnight, Tokyo stocks opened higher on August 12, and Nikkei 225 Stock Average rose 1.10 .

(3) Fair price will be for the assets involved in the material assets reorganization and there are no circumstances that can damage the legitimate rights and interests of the listed company and the shareholders

As regards paragraph (4) of the commentary, the point was made that a company's incorporation in the wrongdoing State should not create a presumption of discriminatory treatment to foreign shareholders unless the municipal law of the State gave foreign shareholders unreasonably weaker rights than those granted to national shareholders.

192. It was suggested that some original members of the project consortium and shareholders in the project company might have a legitimate interest in being replaced by other entities as shareholders and that there was no need to give the host Government an unqualified prerogative to approve such replacements.

But actions taken in the name of shareholder value often benefit only those whose wealth is closely tied to the company s profits, and may actually be harmful to many shareholders. Despite their claims that they are pursuing shareholder value, the actions of top managers, in particular, often reflect only their own interests, rather than those of shareholders who often hold the great majority of the shares.

Argentina s interests and those of its creditors were thus aligned both wanted growth. It was the equivalent of a Chapter 11 restructuring of American corporate debt, in which debt is swapped for equity, with bondholders becoming new shareholders.

And we give them business development services, as well as financing loan and equity.

To the extent that an internationally wrongful act of a State causes direct injury to the rights of shareholders as such, as distinct from those of the corporation itself, the State of nationality of any such shareholders is entitled to exercise diplomatic protection in respect of its nationals.

(iii) in case, among the receivables, there is any money owed to a voting entity shareholder holding 5 or more shares of the Company, it is required to make disclosure of the name of the entity shareholder, the amount in arrear and the nature of such arrear.

Protection of shareholders

Where the dealing party has reached an agreement or consensus with the controlling shareholder of the listed company on the assignment of the equity of the listed company or on the recommending of directors to the listed company, which may result in the change of the actual controlling right of the listed company, the controlling shareholders of the listed company and their affiliates shall withdraw from voting.

To safeguard their interests, bankers have lobbied relentlessly against regulations that would require them to rely less on borrowing and more on retained earnings or new equity to fund their lending and investments. They cite the need to deliver high returns for shareholders, implying that tighter regulations undermine shareholders interests.

Best practice in this area entails that issues subject to shareholder approval be presented individually and unbundled, allowing shareholders to accurately exercise their voting rights.

How do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace accountable to the public interest when most CEO's argue that their main obligation is to maximize shareholder profit?

Many shareholders and stakeholders would be interested in information that would help them determine that management is running the enterprise with the best interest of all shareholders and stakeholders in mind and not to unduly benefit any related parties (see also section II.E.6 below on conflict of interest).

Asia and Middle East Unit

Even if such general principles existed, it was unclear what role they could play in determining foreign shareholders' rights and in ensuring that they were not subjected to discriminatory treatment.

The most important question to ask of any financial system is how much loss absorbing equity major banks have on their balance sheets. When a company suffers losses, its shareholder equity falls in value, and less equity means that the company is more likely to default on its debts.

Section 4 Changes in Equity (Capital) and Information about Shareholders

Article 3 Shareholders and actual controllers of securities firms shall not abuse their rights, occupy assets of the securities firm or customers, or impair the legal rights of the securities firm or its customers.

31. The Section is divided into four Units the Africa Unit, the Middle East Unit, the Europe, Asia and America Unit and Regular Budget Funds.

However, despite an increasing awareness throughout the world that shareholder requirements must be met in order to attract and retain long term, low cost capital, the emphasis on shareholder value maximization has not precluded a growing emphasis on other corporate objectives.

The corresponding judgment of the International Court of Justice had struck a balance between the interests of the company and those of the shareholders and had enhanced legal clarity.