Energy and fuel prices and taxes

Fuel combustion energy and transformation industries

These arise mainly in the energy and transformation industries.

(a) Fuel switching in combustion plants to less carbon intensive fuels, including renewable energy sources

Renewable energies include biomass for fuel (wood and straw), biogas, biofuel (bioethanol and biodiesel), electricity cogenerated from sugar cane, solar energy, wind energy, thermal hydroelectricity, and fuel cells.

Many Parties also presented estimated reserves of fossil fuels and or non fossil fuel energy sources.

Many Parties presented estimated reserves of fossil fuels and or non fossil fuel energy sources.

That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.

Higher fuel use intensity implies lower energy efficiency

For instance, related developments in hydrogen transport and storage, fuel cells, turbines, batteries, and the like are needed for numerous renewable and fossil fuel based energy systems.

12. Cost of energy or fuel consumption or packaging costs

Most of the projects described are energy related, and include projects that install new renewable energy capacity, switch from high carbon to low carbon fuels, and promote energy efficiency improvements in both energy supply and demand.

Energy and high fuel prices were crucial factors affecting development.

For CO2, the largest emission source is fuel combustion, contributing 98 per cent of the total, within which energy and transformation contributed 75 per cent, industry and transport 7 per cent each and cement production 2 per cent.

Fuel combustion was the largest source of CO2 emissions, 97.1 per cent, with the majority of these emissions coming from the energy and transformation industries and transport (35 and 29 per cent, respectively).

Primary energy production by fuel type (petajoules)

Moreover, fossil fuels, the largest single source of world energy, will eventually run out.

Bioenergy can be marketed, depending on the needs of the customer, as a source of electricity, heat or fuel.

In the longer term, it is hoped that carbon capture and sequestration will lead to zero emissions fossil fuel energy systems.

In the light of the global dependency on fossil fuels and diminishing supply, greater effort was needed to promote energy conservation, and develop alternative energy and renewable energy sources.

Many countries, including brotherly countries in Central America and the Caribbean, require immediate action to help finance the supply of fuel and the development of new fuel sources.

Energy and carbon taxes on fossil fuels and on electricity have been applied in Denmark for a long time.

Biomass and fossil fuels remain the main forms of energy used in non Annex I Parties.

CH4 in the form of fugitive fuel emissions and from fuel combustion

About 80 per cent of world primary energy is supplied from fossil fuels, a finite resource.

(iv) Consideration of the sectors, sources and fuels which could be subject to taxation

But energy policies continued to focus on finding more fossil fuels.

At that time, ethanol began to be developed as a source of energy and as a clean fuel.

Fuel combustion is the dominant source of CO2 emissions.

(ii) The situation of those Annex A Parties with economies that are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export and or consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy intensive products and or the use of fossil fuels for which such Parties have serious difficulties in switching to alternatives.

The FAO's report highlights the need to develop sustainable energy sources and to promote the use of fossil fuels and solar energy.

Gas and heating fuel

Estimates of N2O emissions are highly uncertain, with fuel combustion as the major source.

Primary energy demand by fuel type, as well as electricity (petajoules)

Fuel combustion contributed 94 per cent to the total CO2 emission 62.4 per cent of fuel combustion emissions were due to industry, 17.7 per cent to energy transformation, 8.5 per cent to transport and 7.6 per cent to the residential sector.

The cartridge shall be designed and constructed to prevent the fuel from leaking during normal conditions of transport.

Anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxides originate from agriculture, particularly the use of chemical fertilizers, fuel combustion in energy transformation and transport, and industrial processing.

We look at where the emissions are coming from they're coming out of our tailpipes and smokestacks and so forth, and we say, okay, well the problem is that they're coming out of fossil fuels that we're burning, so therefore, the answer must be to replace those fossil fuels with clean sources of energy.

a) For example, using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) classification energy efficiency renewable energy fuel switching forest preservation, restoration or reforestation afforestation fugitive gas capture industrial processes solvents agriculture waste disposal or bunker fuels.

N2O a) For example using IPCC classification energy efficiency renewable energy fuel switching forest preservation, restoration or reforestation afforestation fugitive gas capture industrial processes solvents agriculture waste disposal or bunker fuels.

Parties are also considering other forms of renewable energy, such as solar, geothermal, wind, biofuels and related technologies.

The largest source of total GHG emissions and of CO2 emissions was fuel combustion (83 and 97 per cent respectively).

Despite the high costs of transporting energy fuels, energy markets have been increasingly integrated regionally as well as world wide.

Manfaat biofuel bagi iklim sangat sedikit bila dibandingkan dengan sistem tenaga surya atau angin, sebab biofuel hanya menghasilkan sepersepuluh energi per satu meter persegi. Sebagai akibatnya, kebutuhan biofuel yang termuat dalam Kerangka Kerja Iklim dan Energi Uni Eropa tahun 2030 (2030 Framework for Climate and Energy) akan memerlukan tambahan 70 juta hektar tanah luas wilayah yang lebih besar dari Perancis.

(h) Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy intensive products