(AfDB, GEF and World Bank)

In its initial stages, the Perekriostok group received seven year project funding from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and has secured a syndicated loan from western banks.

3. Lenders and international financial institutions Due to the magnitude of the investment required for a privately financed infrastructure project, loans are often organized in the form of syndicated loans with one or more banks taking the lead role in negotiating the finance documents on behalf of the other participating financial institutions, mainly commercial banks.

(IDB, GEF)

Japan and the Islamic Bank committed themselves to send delegations to Beirut to identify possible project finance.

The latter is the case in most of the multinational financial institutions like the World Bank Group, the African Development Bank, the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

(WB, IDB, GEF, CAP)

The Programme is being financed by the Council of Europe and the World Bank

Source World Bank, Global Development Finance 2005, online database.

(Millions of Singapore dollars percentage of local controlled companies in parentheses)

Dalam sebuah laporan yang diterbitkan pada bulan Juni, enam bank ini menguraikan bagaimana mereka telah mengeluarkan lebih dari 100 miliar untuk pendanaan iklim selama empat tahun sejak pelaporan bersama dimulai. Pembiayaan dari Kelompok Bank Dunia juga dapat dilacak berdasarkan kebijakan akses kepada informasi.

In most cases of effective technology transfer, there is need for adequate financing as one of the incentives.

A number of projects have been co financed by the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation, or by regional development banks.

The African Development Bank is financing DMFAS.

Where needed, additional funding should be sought from international funding institutions such as the Inter American Development Bank. .

5 World Bank, Global Development Finance Mobilizing Finance and Managing Vulnerability.

7 World Bank, Global Development Finance Mobilizing Finance and Managing Vulnerability.

(c) Role and resources of multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks

The main partners are WWB, Microstart, and other financial groups.

The banking sector provides little in the way of financing for women's enterprises and, when it does so, funding is generally advanced through a domiciliary line of credit.

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the newest member organization of the World Bank Group, facilitates investments through the provision of investment guarantees against the risks of currency transfer, expropriation, and war and civil disturbance.

Others felt that such a right of instruction was essential, e.g. for banks providing financing to buyers.

Notes with satisfaction that the 30th Annual Meeting of the Islamic Development Bank held in Malaysia on 23 24 June 2005, approved the establishment of an independent institution for the financing and development of trade among IDB Member States within the IDB Group, called the Islamic International Institution for Trade Financing with a declared capital of US 3 billion and a subscribed capital of US 500,000,000.

Capital markets must be subject to much more detailed and frequent hands on supervisory inspections. In Europe, crisis management mechanisms must be put in place to manage their deeply integrated nature, as 80 of Europe s banking assets held in cross border banking groups.

(d) There are many sources of financing such as official development finance, including loans and grants provided by multilateral institutions and bilateral agreements and private sector finance, provided by commercial banks and private companies.

African countries must restructure their domestic financial sectors and develop capital markets and non bank financial institutions.

Some suggest focusing on rapid increases in the volume of bank and nonbank lending to the non financial private sector as an indicator that lending is growing riskier. Others recommend monitoring the leverage ratio, particularly the ratio of capital to assets in the banking system, on the grounds that banks are the weak link in the financial chain.

Improved access to finance, for example, could be provided by export import banks, which offer financial products to serve home customers wanting to invest abroad.

Likewise, the Central Bank of Brazil discloses the above mentioned information to all financial institutions, in order to check if suspects have been operating in the financial system, have banking accounts or possess other types of assets in the country.

It may also make sense for multilateral development banks to be more active in financing such projects.14

Recently, UNDP, UNCDF and the West African Development Bank (WADB) signed an agreement to establish a regional micro finance window in WADB to assist micro finance systems throughout West Africa.

(v) Obligation on the part of banking and financial institutions not to furnish false information for the purpose of deceiving the administrative and judicial authorities

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) a member of the World Bank Group, is the world apos s largest multilateral source of financing for private enterprises in emerging economies.

Partnerships will replicate the model developed by UNCTAD with the cooperation of the Government of Luxembourg and the International Bank of Luxembourg. They will involve international banks and asset managers, micro finance institutions, and Governments in order to improve the conditions in which micro finance institutions obtain resources in international capital markets.

Money market funds take excess cash from investors and use it to purchase short term IOUs from businesses, banks, and other financial institutions. They mimic bank accounts by allowing investors to write checks and promise that their investment s value will not fall.

When the Bank of Thailand (BOT) receives a list of names and entities involved in the financing of terrorist activities from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it will forward this information to the Thai Banker's Association, the Association of Finance Companies and the Foreign Banks' Association, which will in turn circulate the information to all associated financial institutions.

Four distinct types of microfinance institutions are operating in the countries of North and Central Asia credit unions, non governmental organization MFIs, commercial banks and microfinance banks.

Accordingly State Bank of Pakistan directs all banks development financial institutions for freezing of those funds accounts and reporting to SBP of funds accounts so frozen.

Abbreviations IDB Inter American Development Bank WB World Bank CAF Andean Development Corporation GEF Global Environment Facility and CAP Capacity 21.

But this is not the case in Europe, where most investment is financed via bank loans that typically do not have long term maturities often less than five years because banks themselves have little secure long term financing. Moreover, the interests rates charged on these loans are not linked to market rates, but rather to the bank s refinancing cost, which is already close to zero.

The Law on the Fight Against Legalizing the Illegal Income and Financing of Terrorism provides the Central Bank with the authority to freeze financial assets or economic resources.

Imagine further that the bad bank helps the financial sector, which was recapitalized generously by strained Greek taxpayers in the midst of the crisis, to shed their legacy of non performing loans and unclog their financial plumbing. In concert with the development bank s virtuous impact, credit and investment flows would flood the Greek economy s hitherto arid realms, eventually helping the bad bank turn a profit and become good.

Further, terrorist groups generally do not have legal personality and can therefore not be expected to have bank accounts, hold title to other financial assets or own property under the names listed.

On top of all this, there is a shadow financial system of non bank financial institutions that, like banks, borrow short and liquid and lend to or invest in longer term and illiquid assets. This shadow system includes structured investment vehicles (SIVs), conduits, money market funds, hedge funds, and investment banks.

What legislation and procedures exist for freezing accounts and assets at banks and financial institutions?