Examines eight specific procurement cases.

Such a broad delegation of authority enables heads of a procuring entity to formulate procurement rules on an ad hoc basis.

The commission may be payable by the procuring entity, the successful bidder or a combination of both.

(1) Except as otherwise provided by this chapter, a procuring entity engaging in procurement of goods or construction shall do so by means of tendering proceedings.

UNPD and other Secretariat entities.

Article 11. Record of procurement proceedings

In New Zealand, for example, heads of procuring entities are free to manage their departments' procurement operations.

29. A new procurement manual is in preparation to reflect this recommendation and other procurement reform procedures.

Some systems specifically address a minimum number of participants in the ERA while in other systems general provisions of procurement law apply.

The UNU procurement unit was working to identify specific items acquired and disposed of.

The list is limited to the procurement conducted by federal entities.

Under those rules, substantial discretion as regards the conduct of procurement process is often given to the heads of procuring entities.

UNPD United Nations Procurement Division

See IAPSO procurement statistics at www.iapso.org.

The procuring entity should therefore take steps to avoid running such a performance risk.

The Model Law, for example, requires a procuring entity to include in the record of procurement proceedings a statement of the grounds and circumstances on which it relied to justify the use of non tendering methods (article 18 (4)) and any decision taken by a procuring entities in connection with suspension of procurement proceedings and grounds and circumstances therefore (article 56 (5)).

14. The Office agrees that proper planning of procurement actions will facilitate effective timely action and reduce the overall costs of procurement.

Article 11 of the Model Procurement Law requires the procuring entity to maintain a record of the procurement proceedings containing certain minimum information, and provides for that information to be made accessible.

(d) Should UNOPS and IAPSO be maintained as separate entities, UNDP should continue to cover the full costs of the inter agency services provided by IAPSO (para. 59)

Such practice undermines the basic principle of segregation of responsibilities between the requisitioning and procurement entities and may create an appearance of conflict of interest.

Another reason why a procuring entity may not wish to award a contract to the successful bidder is because the price (or other terms) offered in the bid are so favourable to the entity that it considers that the bidder will not be able to fulfil to the contact on those terms (see, further, A CN.9 WG.I WP.36).

If the successful bidder fails to enter into a procurement contract, one option is to allow the procuring entity to negotiate with other bidders.

(b) IAPWG should arrange for the further development of its existing common procurement guidelines into a generic system wide policy and procedures manual to serve as a benchmark which articulates common procurement principles and stages as well as standard quality outcomes, and significantly streamlines procurement procedures to be applied individually and collectively at all duty stations (para.

(d) Should UNOPS and IAPSO be maintained as separate entities, UNDP should continue to cover the full costs of the inter agency services provided by IAPSO (para. 59)

IAPSO Inter Agency Procurement Services Office

(b) Inter Agency Procurement Services Office

We either draw in a liquid sample, or we can actually take a solid core from the wall.

When reviewing tenders, procuring entities, it was said, should be allowed to seek justification of prices if they suspected abnormally low tenders.

UNPD, in addition to procuring for Headquarters entities, also supplies peacekeeping missions around the world.

(3) The procuring entity shall not accept a tender

These include better procurement planning by requisitioning units, streamlining the procurement process in the Procurement Division and by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts and making necessary changes to the procurement framework, including regulations, rules and refinements in the Procurement Manual.

The Section is considering new procurement practices to provide more flexibility for small purchases.

As Table 1 suggests, procurement business is largely concentrated within the United Nations family itself.

Consequently, the Working Group concluded that it would not be appropriate to require procuring entities to provide all software without charge, but that the Guide should provide that procuring entities should not use a charging facility to levy disproportionate charges or to restrict access to the procurement.

(iii) The procuring entity has included in the record of the procurement proceedings that it is required to maintain under article 11 the concerns as to the ability of the tenderer to perform the contract and the reasons therefore, and all communications between the procuring entity and the tenderer regarding those concerns.

The Procurement Division was reorganized, procurement staff received training, the delegation of procurement authority has been adjusted and new procurement guidelines were finalized.

The UNDG ITF procurement page on the website continues to provide detailed information on procurement opportunities and contract awards.

JPS Joint Purchase Service

The Inter Agency Procurement Working Group (IAPWG)

In addition, generic and topic specific procurement handbooks and manuals are often prepared by central or local authorities, but could also be issued by procuring entities or agencies responsible for maintaining government procurement websites.

In some systems, an online tool has been developed that assists procuring entities to assess the suitability of ERA for an individual procurement.

In other systems, however, if the lowest bid is invalidated, the procuring entity has to reconduct ERA or adopt other methods of procurement.

The Procurement Division was reorganized, procurement staff received training, the delegation of procurement authority has been adjusted and new procurement guidelines were finalized.

(l) Article 34 (3) (on tenders that the entity cannot accept) and

(c ) Ways and means of strengthening collaboration and avoiding overlap between UNOPS procurement service and IAPSO, including the option of merging the two entities, while ensuring that, in the event of a merger, the inter agency services currently provided by IAPSO will be continued by a successor entity