The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

Retail trade 353

Wholesale and retail trade

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Retail trade and repair services

Wholesale retail trade and repair of motor cars, motorcycles and personal and household effects

In spite of recent developments, retailing continues to be one of the least developed industries in India, and the growth of organized retailing has been much slower than in the rest of the world.

A large majority of retail trade and service personnel are still women, but in these fields they are a small minority in management and specialist positions.

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels

Light refers to fixed assets, headcount, management processes and other burdens that are less than that of traditional retailers heavy refers to areas such as logistics and storage that require enormous investment.

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

Online retail and supporting logistics is expanding in a wide range of advanced and developing economies. In China, where the expansion is occurring extremely quickly, estimates suggest that only part of the expansion is at the expense of traditional retail.

The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

Wholesale receipts had the largest gain at 44.5 per cent, followed by retail sales at 10.1 per cent and services at 8.2 per cent.14

Total retail sales are approaching the 2.0 billion level, having reached 1.8 billion in 1996.

The retail businesses were each fined 10 per cent of one year's pretax revenue individual managers were fined 10 per cent of the fines imposed on their businesses.

Indeed, the Indian government s decision to welcome foreign retailers coincided with French retailer Carrefour s announcement that it will shut down its substantial operations in Singapore by the end of this year. Meanwhile, its British counterpart, Tesco, is shifting away from the large hypermarket format and investing heavily in online systems.

(c) dangerous goods, packaged for retail sale, that are carried by individuals for their own use.

And at the same time, certainly in Rwanda, it destroyed the local retailing industry.

The retail giant has said it plans to close 100 stores.

New retail plans proposed by different types of industries will lead new retail development into a state of diversified growth.

The increasing concentration has generated strong competition among retail establishments, which has translated into lower retailing margins and benefits to consumers.

Due to the recent restructuring of retail activities, supermarkets saw their share rise from 20 per cent of total national food retailing in 1990 to 50 60 per cent of total turnover in 2002.

Recent monthly figures suggest a pick up in retail sales. But, because the official statistics capture mostly sales by larger retailers and exclude the fall in sales by hundreds of thousands of smaller stores and businesses that have failed, consumption looks better than it really is.

More than two thirds of the businesses are engaged in trade and 57 of these in the retail trade.

A review of the retail sector in the last 20 years has revealed that the rise of e commerce was similar to the emergence of discount retailers many years ago both were focused on price and convenience.

Online sales are less common in retail trade (B2C) or in services' industries, with sales accounting for only 1.7 and 1 per cent of total sales, respectively.

The internationalization of the retail industry has been led by European firms.

Retailers have internationalized through franchising, especially in the speciality store segment, where restrictions on commercial establishment were in effect.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

The Government has implemented a special programme (PYMECO) to support small retailers through training in management and distribution processes.

Only by combining online and offline operations will new retail come into being.

In the service sector, the decline is even worse than in manufacturing, because services are heavily regulated and partially closed to foreign competition. In the retail sector, which employs a huge number of Japan s unskilled workers the so called mom and pop shops Japanese productivity is now 25 lower than in Western Europe.

In the food retail business, there has been an impressive expansion of supermarket chains.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Retail fuel dealers

27. Retail and wholesale

Retailing is the largest private industry in India and the second largest employer after agriculture.

Commission agents' services, wholesale trade services, retailing services, and franchising

Regulatory divergences among countries constitute barriers to entry into the retail industry.

Mergers and acquisitions have played an important role in the growing concentration of the retailing industry.

The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

Store retail services can be classified according to size, business format, and product mix or specialization.