Moss

We've done stripping experiments where we've removed mats of epiphytes and looked at the rates of recolonization.

Well, my thought was that I could learn how to grow mosses, and that way we wouldn't have to take them out of the wild.

And these mosses, generated by decomposing, are like peat moss in your garden.

Many species of mosses, and then all sorts of lichens just plastering the tree.

I'm trying to travel there to find 5,000 year old moss, which lives on the Antarctic Peninsula.

In the Pacific Northwest, there's a whole industry of moss harvesting from old growth forests.

So Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer you know it?

You'll leave for reindeers.

And they embraced the idea that they could help develop a research design in order to grow these mosses.

After logging, logging waste prevents reindeer grazing and compacted snow hampers digging.

These mosses are taken from the forest they're used by the floriculture industry, by florists, to make arrangements and make hanging baskets.

In addition, the State collects a penalty fee if the Herdsmen's Committee exceeds its quota of reindeer per herd on account of failure to sell.

And these would be the kind of trees that might have been there, and the flowers and the lichens and the mosses, the butterflies, the fish in the stream, the birds in the trees.

3.2 As to the effect of the logging on the author's herd, it is submitted that reindeer tend to avoid areas being logged or prepared for logging.

At the same time that logging proceeds, reindeer numbers have been reduced because the pastures still available cannot support the previous number of reindeer.

The high numbers of reindeer kept by the Herdsmen's Committee in their herds and the resulting adverse effects on herding lands, increase the need for additional feeding, thereby harming the reindeer husbandry.

Despite these conditions, the profitability of reindeer husbandry has not improved, as the companies buying reindeer meat have reduced their prices by up to 30 per cent and have purchased less.

We've been successful as partners in figuring out which species grow the fastest, and I've just been overwhelmed with how successful this has been.

Subject matter Rights of reindeer herders with respect to logging operations undertaken by the State party

The traditional indigenous way of life includes reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and gathering.

The traditional Saami livelihoods include reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and gathering.

7.10 Even after the reductions of the maximum number of reindeer by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1998 1999 and 2000 2001, the maximum number of reindeer allowed is more than three times the numbers allowed in the 1970s.

In addition, the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in considering the maximum permissible population of reindeer per herd, acknowledged the importance and availability of winter nutrition for reindeer Lichenes, Alectoria and Deschampsia and that logging has reduced stocks of the former two foods.

In view of the state of winter herding areas, the present number of reindeer is high.

The authors and the State party disagreed on the effects of the logging in the areas in question, including the reasons behind the Minister's decision to reduce the number of reindeer kept per herd while the authors attributed the reduction to the logging, the State party invoked the overall increase in reindeer threatening the sustainability of reindeer husbandry generally.

They learned how to distinguish different species of mosses, which, to tell you the truth, is a lot more than my undergraduate students at the Evergreen College can do.

It also takes into consideration that despite difficulties the overall number of reindeers still remains relatively high.

26. Under the Soviet regime, the means of production, among them reindeer were collectivized.

Tess, Tess!

Tess, Tess?

Tess, Tess?

For the State party, the Ministry's decision on the permitted number of reindeer does not alone constitute any substantiated evidence of the effects of certain individual loggings, but rather of the effects of the high numbers of reindeer kept in herds.

In recent years, because of the lack of natural winter food, the authors have had to rely on artificial reindeer food which requires additional income from sources other than reindeer husbandry, thereby impacting on the profitability of this form of livelihood.

Under the Reindeer Herding Act, a Herdsmen's Committee consists of all herdsmen in a given area and who are not personally responsible for the performance of the Committee's duties thus, any claim on the Herdsmen's Committee's behalf amounts to an actio popularis.

The State party adds that apart from the number of reindeers per herd, the difficulties of reindeer herdsmen and the poor state of herding lands are not so much affected by forestry as they are by other forms of forest use.

Tess, Tess Mannering.

One of the surprising things I discovered is that, if you pull back with me on those mats of epiphytes, what you'll find underneath them are connections, networks of what we call canopy roots.

The ongoing and increasing logging of fine lichen forests increases the necessity of providing fodder and threatens the economic self sustainability of reindeer husbandry, as husbandry depends on the reindeer being able to sustain themselves.

The Ministry is charged by statute, in determining the maximum number of reindeer, to ensure that the number of reindeer grazing in the Herdsmen's Committee's area in the winter season does not exceed the sustainable productive capacity of the Herdsmen's Committee's winter pastures.

In the determination of the maximum numbers of reindeer, the principle enshrined in section 21, subsection 2, is applied according to which the number of reindeer in the herds on the lands administered by the Committee may not exceed the sustainable productive capacity of the winter pastures.

If, on the other hand, the aim is to engage in reindeer husbandry based purely on natural pastures, then loggings even those notified as relatively mild will be of greater significance for reindeer husbandry that is already in difficulties for other reasons .

Substantive issues Extent to which logging may be carried out by State authorities before it will be considered to violate the rights of reindeer herders

For example, the Komi, Nentsi and Saami people often herded reindeer together within the cooperative structure of the farm.

Both express divergent views on all developments that have taken place since the logging in these areas, including the reasons behind the Minister's decision to reduce the number of reindeer kept per herd while the authors attribute the reduction to the logging, the State party invoke the overall increase in reindeer threatening the sustainability of reindeer husbandry generally.