With regard to access, upper secondary and higher education institutions usually hold selection examinations before accepting pupils into the first year.

Higher education starts after the baccalaureate and comprises three levels higher technical, also known as associate vocational, the bachelor's degree and postgraduate.

ii. Higher education (Higher Professional Education (HBO) and Universities)

The higher education subsystem benefits 12 times as many students from families in the bottom three income deciles than those from families in the top three, which shows that to make higher education free would deepen inequality of access.

Current educational system The Law On Education, currently in force, provides the following levels of education pre school education, primary education secondary education higher education.

Higher education establishments (Information of the MES)

High drop out and low enrolment rates among boys and girls in both primary and secondary levels are very often symptoms of poor quality education and gender biases in schools, at all levels of the education system.

University and college education Total with completed education

Enrolment in indigenous primary education

The highest enrolment rate is in pre primary education and vocational education has the highest drop out rate (Figure 30).

Higher Diploma in Education and Psychology, from the Higher Institute of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 1956

Upper secondary education includes a baccalaureate level and technical vocational education.

H VWO higher general secondary education university preparatory education

Higher vocational education in the country is performed on the basis of general secondary, beginning vocational and secondary vocational education, and colleges of higher vocational schools and in State institutions of higher vocational education, including private institutions.

3.2.7. Higher education and scientific research

Established the M.A. in Higher Education at the Faculty of Education, Sana apos a University, 1990

The draft Law on Higher Education is currently under preparation, while the Entities and Brčko District have adopted the following laws Law on Pre Primary Education, Law on Primary Education, Law on Secondary Education and Law on Higher Education.

Post secondary education (middle level professional education (MBO), higher level professional education and university) for the over 15 18s, subdivided into

As a rule, it is necessary to have followed 12 years of school education and to have passed a final examination (entrance qualification for higher technical colleges) to have access to a higher technical college.

There has been an exponential growth in secondary, higher and university education.

Because higher education is given preference over primary schooling, less than 20 per cent of aid expenditures for education go to primary education.

In total about 39 per cent of a year group will leave youth education with vocational qualifications and 38 per cent with general qualification for entry into higher education.

Private educational establishments may implement programmes of pre school, primary, secondary and higher education.

Gender disparity becomes even more extreme at the secondary and tertiary levels.

At the secondary level, which was not compulsory, enrolment was 75 per cent.

Special attention should be given to addressing the high drop out and low enrolment rates of girls at secondary and tertiary levels.

(e) Higher education (non university, university and post graduate).

Colombia apos s formal education system consists of preschool, basic primary, basic secondary and occupational secondary, and higher education, which is divided into technical, technological and university (undergraduate and postgraduate).

Female enrolment in higher (post secondary) education rose successively from 6 per cent in 1972 to 15.6 per cent in 1989 and 23.7 per cent in 1990.

The Law On Establishments of Higher Education allows colleges supervised by higher education establishments to provide professional education for a period of time that is less than four years.

Among the higher education institutions are the faculties, academies and high schools.

In the field of arts education, it has a system of 29 schools ranging from basic to higher education.

There appears to be a trend towards ethnic minority children staying in education longer far more are going on from secondary to higher education than in the past, especially to higher professional education.

Educational establishments implementing programmes of primary education shall not organise entrance examinations for any of the grades of primary education.

MAVO junior general secondary education VBO pre vocational education HAVO senior general secondary education (MAVO, VBO and HAVO have since been abolished and replaced by new, modified types of education) VWO pre university education, MBO secondary vocational education, HBO higher professional education, WO university.

In 1999 tuition fees constituted 21 of the funding of the state higher education establishments.

Upon enrolling students in the 10th grade, the state and municipal institution of comprehensive education has the right to hold entrance examinations in accordance with the national standard of primary education.

The State is improving education processes both in general education institutions and in secondary vocational and higher learning institutions.

Girls account for about 50 per cent of pupils in basic primary education, although there have not been any great variations in comparison with previous years in secondary basic and vocational education the proportion of female enrolment was 52.9 per cent in 1993 as against 49.2 per cent at the beginning of the decade and women account for almost 52 per cent of students in higher education.

(v) Increasing efforts to reduce and eliminate women's illiteracy ensuring the full enrolment and retention of girls in primary education, increasing girls' attendance in secondary schools and higher education training of female teachers and eliminating discrimination against girls in schools

Admission to higher education establishments is based on the competition and the results of centralised examinations.

Every institution is responsible for these issues within the scope of its competence. In order to promote participation of various institutions in integration of persons with disabilities a concept Equal Opportunities For All was drafted in 1998.

(k) Support enrolment of indigenous persons in teacher training programmes, colleges and relevant higher educational institutions

(a) Education high school diploma or equivalent

Admission to general or vocational upper secondary education which traditionally prepares students for higher education is subject to a statement issued by their earlier school confirming that they are qualified for studies at this level.