Moreover, with lower MFN tariffs on all large markets, the concern of circumvention often appears outdated.

Should on the contrary the decision allow the member State or international organization some discretion to take an alternative course which does not imply circumvention, responsibility would arise for the international organization that has taken the decision only if circumvention actually occurs, as stated in paragraph 2.

(6) Paragraph 1 assumes that compliance with the binding decision of the international organization necessarily entails circumvention of one of its international obligations.

The delegation of Armenia stated that the initiative was exclusively political envisaging construction of a new costly infrastructure despite and in circumvention of existing ones.

Decision 8 04 is designed to stop the circumvention of sanctions adopted by the Security Council, as well as to minimize the risk of diversion of small arms and light weapons into illegal markets and reinforce their export control.

It was observed that this approach would preserve the existing practice in non liner trade where recourse to arbitration under charter parties and charter party bills of lading was not uncommon, ensure uniformity of rules, and favour freedom of contract while preventing possible circumvention of jurisdiction rules under the draft instrument.

It was of crucial importance that there should be no circumvention of the Security Council's authority, especially in relation to the use of force in the name of the international community military force should be used as a last resort on an agreed basis and should be reasonable and adequate.

Some of these reductions were implemented to fight what was seen four years ago as a temporary downturn. Although their supporters wanted to make them permanent, claiming that they were temporary allowed for the circumvention of procedural requirements in the legislative process that Democrats had created in a vain effort to guarantee fiscal sanity.

Although customs authorities have shown their political will to cooperate with the United Nations to improve further the arms embargo, worrisome arms flows in the region indicate that circumvention of customs supervision and control to move arms into Somalia requires the regional customs authorities to allocate more resources to deal with this serious customs offence.

(3) The opportunity for circumvention is likely to be higher when the conduct of the member States or international organizations would not be in breach of an international obligation, for instance because the circumventing international organization is bound by a treaty with a non member State and the same treaty does not produce effects for the organization's members.

(11) While the authorizing or recommending international organization would be responsible if it requested the commission of an act that would represent a circumvention of one of its obligations, that organization would clearly not be responsible for any other breach that the member State or international organization to which the authorization or recommendation is addressed might commit.

Moreover, not forbidding indirect purchases should be seen primarily as a means of permitting banks that buy government bonds to pledge them as collateral for refinancing operations, while bearing the full investment risk. The distinction between bond purchases from the government and from the banks that bought them from the government is a phony one that gives rise to myriad possibilities for circumvention.