Insecticide resistance has grave implications for vector control.

The appropriate role of residual insecticides for disease vector control

The embargo has also affected vector vigilance and control activities.

Evaluation of the continued need for DDT for disease vector control

3.2 Trends in the use of DDT for Disease Vector Control

Summary of current WHO Recommendations regarding DDT and disease vector control

7.2 The use of DDT and alternatives for disease vector control

The selection of malaria vector control interventions should be evidence based and appropriate to the local ecology and epidemiology of the vector borne disease.

Situation analysis of the production and use of DDT for disease vector control

Vector control for malaria and other mosquito borne diseases Report of a WHO Study Group.

the Conference of the Parties in evaluating the continued need for DDT for disease vector control

DDT may therefore be used for vector control, provided that all the following conditions are met

Vector control programmes continue to face significant resource constraints, which tend to undermine the quality of interventions.

Related to this, the GEF supported regional projects, which are described elsewhere in this report (section 5.2.2), provide additional opportunities Vector control needs assessment tools have been developed and will be used by countries for comprehensive evaluation (essentially an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the vector control programme) and the development of specific action plans on DDT and vector control, as part of the overall NIPs.

Ongoing decentralization and the attendant administrative reforms have created significant challenges to effective implementation of vector control programs.

Of the responding countries, eight reported use of DDT for disease vector control for the reporting period (2001 2003).

Long lasting insecticide treatment technologies are also being used to produce specific insecticide treated materials for personal protection or vector control.

A vector is a unit vector if its norm is 1.

However, such reforms can provide an opportunity to strengthen vector control at the district level and steer the programme to an IVM strategy.

So they need a vector and this vector, it's normally an animal.

The WHO position with respect to the use of DDT in activities aimed at disease vector control to interrupt disease transmission is as follows.

Vector control strategies in unstable malaria areas should focus on interrupting transmission, and for which indoor residual spraying is a proven and effective intervention.

The efficacy of DDT and its alternatives is important information for deciding the actual need for DDT for disease vector control in any local area.

The other category refers to different vector control interventions that can be used either alone or in combination, to reduce or eliminate reliance on DDT.

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The application of selective vector (transmitter insects) control should be in line with the epidemiological stratification of the country into high , moderate and low risk zones.

The Behavioural Change Campaign will work towards these objectives. A secondary focus will be on measures to control the vector, such as hygiene and environmental cleanup.

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According to the DDT register, three countries have notified use of DDT in disease vector control and one country notified the intention to use DDT if necessary.

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Among the reasons why the use of environmental management for vector control continues to lag behind are economic considerations, a lack of capacity to carry out cost effectiveness analysis, rigidity in the planning and delivery of vector control programmes, absence of effective institutional arrangements between the health sector and sectors in charge of infrastructure development, and limited commercial interest in environmental management (compared to chemical products).

In addition, there is a need to strengthen the capacity of countries in gathering and managing relevant data, including the routine reporting activities of disease vector control programmes.

WHO is promoting integrated vector management (IVM), which may be defined as a process of evidence based decision making procedures aimed to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate targeted, cost effective and sustainable combinations of regulatory and operational vector control measures, with measurable and sustainable impacts. The characteristic features of IVM include

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) restricts the production and use of DDT to disease vector control in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and guidelines.

In paragraph 3 of decision INC 7 2, the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee requested the Secretariat, in cooperation with the World Health Organization, to develop a modified format for reporting by Parities that use DDT for disease vector control and a questionnaire for reporting on other information relevant to the evaluation of the continued need for disease vector control pursuant to paragraph 6 of part II of Annex B of the Convention.

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Implication of vector resistance to insecticides

While the Global Fund for HIV AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria(GFATM), and other international initiatives have enabled a significant increase in financial resources for malaria control in endemic countries, funding for specific vector control activities is still far below the pressing needs.

Furthermore, the system will also be used to facilitate the reporting and the evaluation processes of the Stockholm Convention regarding the use and continued need for DDT in disease vector control.

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(e) Conduct of a meeting of experts to consider available information and provide a report to the Conference of the Parties on the continued need for DDT use in disease vector control

And you can show, just by looking at data from literature, that vector borne diseases are more harmful than non vector borne diseases.

25. Encourages the World Health Organization and its member States, with the support of the parties to the Stockholm Convention, to continue to explore possible alternatives to DDT as a vector control agent

In this regard, it is recommended that a well resourced mechanism for reporting and assessment on DDT use for disease vector control, be set up under the auspices of the Secretariat and WHO.