A methodology based on original country data for estimating ad valorem equivalents for specific tariff rates for negotiating and analytical purposes is superior to any other methodology.

Discussion of the formula for tariff cuts was delayed pending the resolution of the methodology for calculating ad valorem equivalents.

Non Tariff Barriers

II. TARIFF PEAKS

III. TARIFF ESCALATION

Tariff 1 ruble.

Tariff 1 ruble.

The study analyses the tariff situation for developing country exports and focuses on two major aspects (a) tariff peaks and (b) tariff escalation.

It was noted that numerous tariff and non tariff barriers remained, as well as tariff peaks and escalation, which affected developing countries exports.

In cases where export goods, to which export tariff rates are applicable are subject to temporary tariff rate, the temporary tariff rate shall apply.

It was also noted that numerous tariff and non tariff barriers remained, as well as tariff peaks and escalation, which affected developing countries exports.

This, however, was greatly undermined by commodity price volatility, tariff peaks and tariff escalations.

Furthermore, findings from a set of 23 survey based OECD studies or reports, based mostly on the UNCTAD TRAINS methodology for NTBs, revealed over 1,700 business complaints about non tariff measures in goods sectors.

Figure 14 Average tariff

II. Tariff peaks 3

III. Tariff escalation 9

Price based on tariff.

In cases where imported goods, to which contractual tariff rate or preferential tariff rate is applicable are subject to temporary rate, the lower tariff rate shall apply.

NAMA It was recognized that all countries have a positive interest in seeking the reduction of tariff peaks and tariff escalation, as well as non tariff barriers.

Also, while tariff barriers were coming down, non tariff barriers were going up many times over.

4. However, significant non tariff and tariff barriers and high variance, with tariff peaks and tariff escalation, still affect a notable range of products and sectors, particularly ones of export interest to developing countries, including the least developed countries.

Formulas for tariff cutting under NAMA should be determined expeditiously so as to drastically reduce tariff peaks and tariff escalations, with adequate SDT made available to developing countries.

Methodology

Methodology

Methodology

Methodology

Methodology

(c) Regulations and tariff structure

Tariff escalation will also decline.

(a) Substantial reductions of tariffs, the rolling back of tariff peaks and the removal of tariff escalation

Reductions of tariff peaks and tariff escalation facing these countries exports would be important in this regard.

Methodology used

Baseline methodology

Monitoring methodology

BUDGET METHODOLOGY

D. Methodology

IV. Methodology

2.2.2.1 Methodology

Improving market access involved not only tariff reduction but also relaxation of non tariff barriers and rules of origin.

However, more work is needed to find or create the appropriate tariff headings and to address non tariff barriers.

Notwithstanding the efforts made in reducing quot tariff escalation quot and quot tariff peaks quot , these problems still remained.

Tariff headings, tariff lines and tariff rates specified in the Customs Import and Export Tariff of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Customs Tariffs ) and Table of Tariff Rates of Import Duties of the People's Republic of China of Entry Articles (hereinafter referred to as the Table of Tariff Rates of Import Duties of Entry Articles) drafted by the State Council are an integral part of this set of regulations.

In application of the agricultural safeguard clause, the US tariff specifies additional duties so that imports above the tariff quotas are subject to progressively higher tariff rates the lower the actual export price.

Not having access to the relevant business information can be as serious an obstacle as tariff and non tariff barriers.

Nevertheless, scope remains for the liberalization and rationalization of tariffs in non agricultural goods, particularly for the removal of tariff bias, tariff escalation and tariff peaks affecting developing country exports in their major markets.