Henry de Valence

And as you start to read on, you can see that maybe there's some kind of political valence behind some of this.

And when you're happy what we call positive valence you squirt dopamine into the prefrontal lobes, which makes you a breadth first problem solver you're more susceptible to interruption you do out of the box thinking.

Still, the word crowd has taken on an entirely different meaning and political valence in our century. Crowdsourcing and crowd funding have created new kinds of crowds, of the sort that Le Bon never could have imagined.

Suboptimal investment decisions have, for example, been linked to overconfidence in knowledge judgments, the tendency to over explain chance events, and the tendency to substitute affective valence for thought. Errors in medical and legal decision making have also been linked to specific irrational thinking tendencies that psychologists have studied.