Developing countries must have the right to implement trade polices, including tariffs and other import barriers, which promote and protect local agriculture, rural livelihoods, and food security.

Government policies on international trade are often reflected in their levels of import tariffs and the existence of non tariff barriers or the way in which they support their exporters.

The reduction of tariff and non tariff barriers had dismantled quantitative restrictions on imports and deregulated import procedures, turning the country into one of the most liberal economies in the world.

Calculating formula of import duties is import duties customs value x import tariff rate

It was felt that while the Agreements on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBT) were intended to protect consumers, they should not protect import markets from competition.

Additional barriers that exporters of commodities, such as processed food products, have to overcome include levies, minimum import prices, and other regulations pertaining to packaging, labelling, health and quality standards (UNCTAD, 1997b).

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Non Tariff Barriers

Japan resists reducing import tariffs on hundreds of agricultural goods, including meat from the US. In addition, non tariff barriers have long impeded, for example, the export of American made cars to the Japanese market.

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