Frequency of occurrence, for instance, could be represented by the share of total tariff lines containing an NTB. Coverage would then be measured by the share of imports affected by an NTB as a percentage of total imports.

And they threw up walls political walls, trade walls, transportation walls, communication walls, iron curtains which divided peoples and nations.

However, market access barriers and supply side constraints hampered exploitation of export opportunities.

Such tariff barriers and non tariff barriers (NTBs) can be very high in specific product areas, making it extremely difficult for exporters to penetrate markets.

Overall, NTBs have almost replaced tariff barriers in manufacturing sectors.

Addressing them, including in the context of GSTP, can therefore help increase South South trade.

For instance, quotas should provide reliable information for starting to investigate the possible impact on affected imports.

The introduction of an NTB that does not take a price ad valorem form makes the import demand curve shift in a non parallel way.

Under the Uruguay Round Agreements, commitments have been made by major importers to reduce tariff barriers for all types of meat.

The main obstacles to SMEs' internationalization may be grouped as internal or external ones.

Also, while tariff barriers were coming down, non tariff barriers were going up many times over.

In 2002, 40 per cent of LDC exports were subject to NTBs.

Internal obstacles include informational barriers (e.g. unreliable data on the international market), functional barriers (e.g. lack of competencies and trained personnel), product and price barriers (difficulty in matching competitors' prices) and lack of bargaining power, distribution and logistics barriers (e.g. complexity of foreign distribution channels).

Third of all is regional integration through the lowering of market and technical barriers between countries.

Price reductions are closely linked to government policy measures that lead to the reduction of tariff barriers and barriers created by regulations.

Transportation walls came tumbling down.

However, trade barriers cause more important constraints to trade than in other main importing regions.

Another obstacle was the inadequacy of infrastructure of potentially exporting countries.

Trade walls began to come tumbling down.

There is a wide range of NTBs.

These barriers continue to keep people in poverty.

Actual or potential trade barriers

The existence of preferential customs barriers.

30. The main obstacles that might be encountered in developing an export strategy were also identified.

It was also of the view that the barriers to entry into this market are high, as a result of which future entry is unlikely.

TRADE IN GOODS BARRIERS AND CONSTRAINTS

Regulatory divergences among countries constitute barriers to entry into the retail industry.

The reduction of trade barriers, technical barriers and other forms of protectionism would enhance competition and contribute to enterprise development.

The reduction of African trade barriers, which continue to be significant, will eliminate the incentive bias against exports it will also enable the African nations to benefit from intra developing country trade.

As the Human Development Report, 2005, pointed out, the trade barriers faced by developing countries exporting to developed countries were three to four times greater than those faced by developed countries trading with each other.

Where social barriers are sufficiently strong, economic barriers are certain to appear. These can range from protectionist trade policies and increasingly strict immigration controls to religious wars and ethnic cleansing.

Market access Tariffs and non tariff barriers

Two broad groups of measurement methods can be identified one can be defined as NTB specific and one adopts a more indirect consideration of NTBs.

To obtain AVE measures, NTB quantity measures have to be associated with estimates of import demand elasticities.

The strengthening of supply side capacity encompasses also the identification of export products and those that encounter technical barriers to trade.

It may also lower the market entry barriers for CHP and renewables.

Non tariff barriers and costs of market entry of branded goods are generally at very high levels.

Those international agreements may contain provisions on the removal of barriers for the importation of goods or for the provision of services by foreigners in their contracting States.

The existence of trade barriers to exports from the developing to the developed countries must also be taken into account.

The role of standards was also noted, since these could act as barriers to developing countries' exports.

The iPhone broke the dyke, the wall.

Scope, definition and classification of NTBs

II. Trade in goods barriers and constraints 10 26

Government policies on international trade are often reflected in their levels of import tariffs and the existence of non tariff barriers or the way in which they support their exporters.

Furthermore, findings from a set of 23 survey based OECD studies or reports, based mostly on the UNCTAD TRAINS methodology for NTBs, revealed over 1,700 business complaints about non tariff measures in goods sectors.