Acts of war hostilities

(a) Service at duty stations where very hazardous conditions, such as war or active hostilities, prevail

(b) Losses due to acts of war or hostilities are those which occurred as a result of the existence of actual war conditions in the area of operations armed action by local military forces or militia and any other type of hostilities, including hijacking and other acts of banditry

(f) In section IV, operative paragraph 17, the words the conscription or enlistment of child soldiers or using them to participate actively in hostilities as a war crime were replaced by the words the conscription, enlistment or use to participate actively in hostilities of child soldiers as a war crime

Domestic hostilities

Cessation of hostilities does not mean that war is over, particularly for children who have been extensively exposed to the culture of violence.

(b) The test is compatibility with the purposes of the war or the state of hostilities this is also expressed in the form that treaties remain in force subject to the necessities of war

During Active Hostilities

ARMED CONFLICTS HOSTILITIES

The laws of war condone targeted killings only of combatants who directly participate in hostilities. The killings must be proportionate, strategically necessary, and publicly justified.

Article 118 of the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (hereinafter the Third Convention ) refers to active hostilities .

During the First World War, a majority of belligerents viewed industrial property conventions as being suspended during the hostilities, but continued to honour any parallel domestic law.

(a) Duty stations where very hazardous conditions such as war or active hostilities prevail and where the evacuation of families and non essential staff has taken place

DIRECT INDIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES

The Pretoria Agreement includes a joint declaration by the Ivorian parties on an immediate and final cessation of all hostilities and an end to the war throughout the country.

(m) Germany made a general statement following the Second World War to the effect that it considered treaties signed before the outbreak of hostilities as suspended between the belligerents

Moreover, liability might be excepted when, for instance, the damage had been the result of armed conflict, hostilities, civil war or insurrection or the result of a natural phenomena.

(8) In recognition that war is the greatest cause of human rights violations, call for the immediate cessation of hostilities and for the peaceful resolution of the border conflict.

Prior to Commencement of Active Hostilities

After the Cessation of Active Hostilities

Hostilities broke out in late August.

MINIMUM AGE FOR PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES

must not take part in hostilities

Cl. 340, 374 75 (1886) (citing Wheaton's distinction between two classes of war A perfect war is where one whole nation is at war with another nation, and all the members of both nations are authorized to commit hostilities against all the members of the other, in every case, and under every circumstance permitted by the general laws of war.

50 (1948) Cessation of hostilities in Palestine

(d) To refrain from the recruitment or use of children in hostilities contrary to international standards and to take all necessary measures for the demobilization and social reintegration of war affected children

Similarly, There should be a clear distinction between direct participation in hostilities and participation in the war effort. The latter is often required from the population as a whole to various degrees .

Jost Delbrück, War, Effect on Treaties, in 4 Encyclopedia of International Law 1367, 1371 (2000) ( A review of the use of military force in the decades following World War II reveals a remarkable shift away from the traditional concept of war as a phenomenon characterized by the formal commencement of hostilities by declaration of war or other action clearly indicating the intention of a State to go to war with another State.

Children must not be involved in hostilities in

65. Recruitment and participation of children in hostilities.

77. Recruitment and participation of children in hostilities.

Thus McNair and Watts point to the fact that a state of war may exist even if no armed force is being employed by the opposing parties and no actual hostilities between them are occurring.

(d) Finance conventions governing the payment of international debt were never regarded as even suspended as a result of World War II, although actual payment may have been rendered impossible during the period of hostilities

If through the War of 1812 the Six Nations remained neutral, as they had through the Revolutionary War, there was no reason why either of the contending nations in 1812 should desire to change the status of the Six Nations and thereby anger and drive them into hostilities. Ibid. at 72.

Of course, many of the concepts employed in that inquiry are directly analogous and, provisionally at least, authoritative as to the consequences which may be expected from the outbreak of major hostilities no longer termed war ).

91. The term quot hostilities quot was defined during the Diplomatic Conference of 1974 1977 as quot acts of war that by their nature or purpose strike at the personnel and matériel of enemy armed forces .

For the outbreak of hostilities read incidents of hostile acts

Failure to do so increases the possibility of renewed hostilities.

An armistice has been signed and hostilities will cease today

Monitoring of the cessation of hostilities and movements of armed groups

Many of them took part in hostilities, having been forcibly conscripted.

These principles are aimed at protecting the civilian population from hostilities.

Position of ICRC It is direct and indirect participation in hostilities

It had been closed since the outbreak of hostilities in Kivu.

However, when such acts take place during peacetime or an emergency not involving hostilities, as is frequently the case, they simply do not constitute war crimes, and their perpetrators should not be labelled, tried or targeted as combatants.