The eurozone s working age population had been growing until 2005, but it will fall from 2015 onward. Given that productivity has not been picking up, fewer workers mean significantly lower potential growth rates.

Employment among older persons (age 60 or over) has shown a steady increase During the last decade it has been rising at an average annual rate of 3.3 a rate only slightly lower than that the rate of growth of the employed adult population (3.5 ).

34. Reduction of population growth.

As policymakers plan for the next five years, they should set China s growth targets at 7 7.5 , adjusting them within that range as changes in the international climate dictate. Such a growth target can help to stabilize employment, lower financial risk, and achieve the country s goal of doubling income by 2020.

The unemployment rate remains about two percentage points higher than what most economists consider consistent with a full recovery, and the labor force participation rate is hovering near historic lows. The economy is still operating far below its potential GDP is about 6 below what the economy is capable of producing at full capacity without higher inflation.

The answer depends on two key variables the discount rate and future earnings growth. A lower discount rate and or a higher rate of expected earnings growth would justify higher equity valuations.

With high and volatile oil prices, businesses will focus their investments less on boosting productivity and more on maintaining flexible energy usage. At 40 a barrel, expect oil prices to slow the long run growth rate of the world's potential output by 0.1 per year.

The average annual growth rate was 2.6 , below the 3.1 of 1991 census.

We needed to reduce the population growth rate.

The urban population growth rate in 1993 was less than that of 1980, yet still positive.

The low increase, which was less than the rate of natural population growth, reflected an observed tendency among parents to delay registration of newborn children.

Hardest to understand, though, is why India is underperforming so much relative to its potential. Indeed, annual GDP growth has fallen by five percentage points since 2010.

Gross domestic product growth, estimated at 3 per cent, remained positive for the second year running, though lower than in 2003.

With a few exceptions, its growth rates have been below the growth performance of total goods exports.

This is attributable to the lower rate of increase in real GDP.

The emissions are likely to grow considerably, but less than the 30 per cent suggested in the quot with measures quot projection in the communication, owing to continued imports of electricity and lower economic growth.

The low rate of increase, well below the rate of natural population growth, could be attributed to socio economic difficulties, which delayed marriage and thereby lowered birth rates, combined with the high proportion of refugees living outside the country and hence unable to register new family members.

One popular line of thinking focuses on long term structural factors, such as demographic transition. But, so far, few studies have indicated that structural factors are adequate to explain the extent of the decline in China s potential growth rate over the last couple of years.

24. In the years when the country was signing agreements with the International Monetary Fund, GDP achieved minimal levels of growth or modest declines, e.g., a minimal increase of 0.27 in 1984 followed by negative growth of 2.6 in 1985.

That forecast, moreover, is based on quite optimistic assumptions of strong economic growth and low interest rates. With slower growth and more normal interest rates, the debt ratio could easily rise to more than 100 in 2021, and exceed 150 by 2030.

The US is adjusting structurally and generating real (inflation adjusted) GDP growth (though well below its potential annual rate of 3 3.5 ). The tradable sector is expanding and is not dependent on leverage to generate aggregate demand.

Knowledge and technology have contributed less and less to economic growth as a result of lower investment rates.

I). The investment rate of 18.6 per cent in 1997 for Africa remained well below the level necessary to sustain satisfactory growth.

The rate of growth has increased significantly inflation has been reduced to a very low level and our situation outside the country has been strengthened.

As a result of a deep and persistent deficiency in aggregate demand, the US economy has been operating far below its potential output level. Real GDP fell by 8 relative to its noninflationary potential in 2008 2009, and has remained about 8 below its previous growth path ever since.

Thus, the Japanese economy s potential annual growth rate slowed by roughly an additional two percentage points at the beginning of the 1990 s, as the post WWII development model lost its steam. It was largely a fluke that this growth slowdown coincided with an asset bubble collapse and a cyclical depression one that caused Japanese output to shrink by about 10 in a few short years, followed by only a slow recovery to the new, lower potential growth rate.

However, the growth response in many developing countries was anaemic average annual per capita growth rose marginally above that of the 1980s, but remained well below that of the 1970s.

They are wrong, however, about Europe s prospects for achieving its restricted growth potential. Europe s actual economic growth has been quite good and thanks to low gas prices, low real interest rates, solid profits, and strong growth momentum promises to get better before the ceiling is hit and inflationary pressures set in.

The death isn't happening since we turned it off, we should have exponential growth.

Compared to countries with very slow growth rates, countries with reasonably high growth rates should borrow. But when a country s growth rate continues to increase, its saving rate would increase faster than its investment rate, so it is more likely to run a current account surplus.

In those two decades the Peruvian population increased by 60 per cent, reaching 21,550,300, slightly less than the Latin American average, at the end of that period.

Back in the early 1990's, American officials like me who were making long term forecasts for the Clinton administration cautioned that it would be rash to forecast an average long run growth rate of more than 2.5 per year and that actual growth might turn out to be even slower. Now we look back at a decade during which the American economy has grown at an average rate of 3.4 per year.

More important, the structural changes that we have implemented still have much to contribute to future growth. With low interest rates, price stability, a more competitive exchange rate, a lower tax burden, plentiful resources for investment, and the reduction of electricity tariffs, Brazil is strengthening its potential for more rapid expansion.

The rate of increase approximately matched estimated population growth.

Table 7. Growth rates of minimum wage and price indices

Earlier this year, the Congressional Budget Office warned that the potential US growth rate has declined as a result of years of subpar investment rates, the aging of the population, and smaller productivity gains. Every year of below capacity growth means lower growth capacity in the future, owing to lost investment, erosion of worker skills and experience, and diminished risk taking.

The growth rate has dropped to 1.2 per cent, while the population growth rate has remained at 3 per cent.

(iv) Salary increases below the inflation rate in recent years

However, with a growth rate significantly higher than for total retail trade, the share of e commerce in total retail trade is also growing.

The Female Labour Force Participation while still quite low, is increasing. In 1981 it was 2.1 . It had moved up to 9.9 by 2001 2002.

Equity markets have performed well globally in an environment of falling interest rates, low inflation and healthy growth in corporate profits.

First, they were trapped in a vicious circle of low income, low savings and low investment, leading to low productivity and low growth.

Living standards were distinctly different in the two subregions while the more diversified economies enjoyed an increase of 2.7 per cent over the 2003 rate of 1.5 per cent, per capita income in the Gulf Cooperation Council cluster increased by 1.6 per cent, slightly lower than last year's growth.

Some countries face the growing risk of near perpetual belt tightening, which would further dampen growth and thus keep debt ratios high. After all, if a country s debt GDP ratio is to decline without austerity, the interest rate that it pays on its debt must be lower than its GDP growth rate.

However, anything you can do to decrease the risk of potential carcinogens can definitely increase the quality of lifestyle.