The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

Some products enter the market through wholesalers who in turn distribute the products to a variety of retailers, while in other cases the producer sells directly to the retailer.

Its membership consists of growers, product marketing organizations and growers' cooperatives, food manufacturers and retailers.

While the first operates fixed point of sale locations, non store retailers or retailers away from a fixed location reach customers and market merchandise with methods such as broadcasting infomercials , paper and electronic catalogues, door to door solicitation and selling from portable stalls.

Retail trade 353

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

Retail fuel dealers

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

It is primarily a company that manufactures, bottles and resells the finished product to wholesalers and retailers in Costa Rica.

Store retail services can be classified according to size, business format, and product mix or specialization.

(d) Importation wholesale and retail businesses (foreign country).

Informal retailers could become the suppliers or the customers of formal retailers, or their franchises.

Retailers are distributors selling to end consumers.

With 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail outlet density in the world.

At present most Vietnamese retailers are small, family run outlets, offering a limited choice of products to their customers.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Further, studies suggest that owing to concentration in the structure of international commodity markets, commodity producers are less likely to benefit from increases in international commodity prices at the wholesale and retail levels.

Retailers are able to access and tap different cost structures in different countries and are becoming global.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

The liberalization of the distribution sector in China has implied benefits for example, the development of different distribution formats, including specialty stores, the enhancement of local marketing and managerial capacity, and the possibility for domestic manufacturers to enter the international supply chain of foreign retailers (95 per cent of the products distributed by foreign retailers in China are locally sourced and foreign retailers export Chinese products abroad).

In view of the excessive power of retailers, the investments of product suppliers could be undermined, particularly if the latter do not have any alternative avenues for the distribution of their products.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Further, the Commission's investigation established that Panamco Tica was lending refrigerators to retailers and attaching exclusivity clauses to the contracts, which required retailers to use the refrigerator for Coca Cola products exclusively.

These are 10 companies control much of what's in our grocery stores, much of what people eat. And that's really, really a problem.

I'd put out feelers to retailers, to auctioneers, and it was coming up empty.

In 2000, 70 per cent of the global top retailers already operated a transactional web site.

The main market players related to distribution are consumers, retailers, wholesalers and other intermediaries, as well as suppliers of goods and other services.

In the area of retail, the increasing popularity of modern format large shops, for example retail outlets outside city centres, has given rise to concerns about small shops vanishing.

(b) Drive sales of UNICEF cards and gifts with a special focus on broadening their distribution through retailers and the Internet

More sophisticated retailers, especially in Europe, are increasingly demanding quality assurance all the way back to the producer and even to the feed supplier to ensure the consumer receives healthy products.

The growing power of retailers has a significant effect on domestic suppliers, especially small ones or those that do not command strong brand products, by offering lower prices for their products.

This was evidence of resale price maintenance, which affects intrabrand competition and limits the right of the retailer to apply his own sale prices.

A review of the retail sector in the last 20 years has revealed that the rise of e commerce was similar to the emergence of discount retailers many years ago both were focused on price and convenience.

From a global perspective, both retailers and e commerce firms are transforming from a single channel to a multi channel retail system that encompasses physical stores, e commerce, mobile terminals and social media.

This comprised 13.6 of total retail sales of consumer goods, up nearly 3 percentage points year on year.

With regard to food distribution more specifically, the industry is composed of many agents, including supermarkets, quick service restaurants and specialty retailers.

They handle products in bulk but do not own them, delivering them to wholesalers, retailers or other individual users.

Eventually, they themselves become formal retailers.

Monitoring of retailers could also be of value.

Wholesalers collate, store and disburse products.

According to other views, a much smaller market share, as low as 8 per cent, could suffice for a retailer to have market power.

The dominant market position of large retailers has been strengthened through cross border buying alliances among nominally independent retailers.

The growth in concentration in retailing has also given rise to a number of concerns about anti competitive behaviour of major retailers vis à vis other competitors, and abuses of buyers' power with respect to suppliers of products and consumers.

In most countries, the retail sector has typically developed in three stages first, local or regional players dominate, before a smaller number of national companies takes over, with e tailers ultimately challenging traditional businesses. But China lacks national leaders, with the top five Chinese retailers in different product categories commanding less than 20 of the market, compared to up to 60 in the US.