The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

Some products enter the market through wholesalers who in turn distribute the products to a variety of retailers, while in other cases the producer sells directly to the retailer.

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

While the first operates fixed point of sale locations, non store retailers or retailers away from a fixed location reach customers and market merchandise with methods such as broadcasting infomercials , paper and electronic catalogues, door to door solicitation and selling from portable stalls.

Its membership consists of growers, product marketing organizations and growers' cooperatives, food manufacturers and retailers.

Retail trade 353

Retail fuel dealers

It is primarily a company that manufactures, bottles and resells the finished product to wholesalers and retailers in Costa Rica.

Store retail services can be classified according to size, business format, and product mix or specialization.

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

These are 10 companies control much of what's in our grocery stores, much of what people eat. And that's really, really a problem.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

With 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail outlet density in the world.

Informal retailers could become the suppliers or the customers of formal retailers, or their franchises.

(b) Drive sales of UNICEF cards and gifts with a special focus on broadening their distribution through retailers and the Internet

Retailers are distributors selling to end consumers.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

(d) Importation wholesale and retail businesses (foreign country).

This was evidence of resale price maintenance, which affects intrabrand competition and limits the right of the retailer to apply his own sale prices.

The liberalization of the distribution sector in China has implied benefits for example, the development of different distribution formats, including specialty stores, the enhancement of local marketing and managerial capacity, and the possibility for domestic manufacturers to enter the international supply chain of foreign retailers (95 per cent of the products distributed by foreign retailers in China are locally sourced and foreign retailers export Chinese products abroad).

At present most Vietnamese retailers are small, family run outlets, offering a limited choice of products to their customers.

Further, the Commission's investigation established that Panamco Tica was lending refrigerators to retailers and attaching exclusivity clauses to the contracts, which required retailers to use the refrigerator for Coca Cola products exclusively.

Retailers are able to access and tap different cost structures in different countries and are becoming global.

If any of the profit from retail sale returns to drug trafficking organizations, perhaps from connected cells of retail distributors, the profitability of international drug trafficking will be greater.

This comprised 13.6 of total retail sales of consumer goods, up nearly 3 percentage points year on year.

Further, studies suggest that owing to concentration in the structure of international commodity markets, commodity producers are less likely to benefit from increases in international commodity prices at the wholesale and retail levels.

In view of the excessive power of retailers, the investments of product suppliers could be undermined, particularly if the latter do not have any alternative avenues for the distribution of their products.

In most countries, the retail sector has typically developed in three stages first, local or regional players dominate, before a smaller number of national companies takes over, with e tailers ultimately challenging traditional businesses. But China lacks national leaders, with the top five Chinese retailers in different product categories commanding less than 20 of the market, compared to up to 60 in the US.

More sophisticated retailers, especially in Europe, are increasingly demanding quality assurance all the way back to the producer and even to the feed supplier to ensure the consumer receives healthy products.

The growth in concentration in retailing has also given rise to a number of concerns about anti competitive behaviour of major retailers vis à vis other competitors, and abuses of buyers' power with respect to suppliers of products and consumers.

A review of the retail sector in the last 20 years has revealed that the rise of e commerce was similar to the emergence of discount retailers many years ago both were focused on price and convenience.

Three additional factors create difficulties for producers of final products in the origin countries regarding market entry at the retail level.

With regard to food distribution more specifically, the industry is composed of many agents, including supermarkets, quick service restaurants and specialty retailers.

Foreign sales represent a significant share in total sales of the main European retailers.

In the area of retail, the increasing popularity of modern format large shops, for example retail outlets outside city centres, has given rise to concerns about small shops vanishing.

I'd put out feelers to retailers, to auctioneers, and it was coming up empty.

In 2000, 70 per cent of the global top retailers already operated a transactional web site.

Not all countries have legislation prohibiting below cost selling, and large retailers can sustain controlled losses in certain product baskets in order to increase their market share.

On line retailing is still in its infancy and represents a minor share of total sales, but it is significant for selected products, such as books and computers.

Eventually, they themselves become formal retailers.

Monitoring of retailers could also be of value.

Retailers have integrated backwards into wholesale operations, and producers have integrated forward, performing wholesale functions by distributing their products directly to retailers.

From a global perspective, both retailers and e commerce firms are transforming from a single channel to a multi channel retail system that encompasses physical stores, e commerce, mobile terminals and social media.