(ii) A woman whose employment is of a casual nature

Underemployment rates for 1999 were estimated at 8.6 per cent for men and 14.7 per cent for women.

Average gross wage of men and women working in the national economy Problems are related to the gender segregation in the labour market the division of employment in the so called male and female industries.

In 1999, Japan s Equal Employment Opportunity Act was amended to provide equal employment opportunities for men and women by prohibiting discriminatory labor practices. But the legislation has had little impact on the workplace atmosphere for women.

As a result of the growth of women's participation in the self employed sector, self employed women represent 92 per cent of all women entrepreneurs (168,000 women).

Over 600,000 women worked in the informal sector, and 56 per cent of female workers were under 40 years of age.

On ceasing employment after the age of 55 for men and 50 for women

3 The sum of unemployed plus employed women.

Today, a total of more than 1 billion men and women (or one third of the total workforce) are unemployed, underemployed or working poor of those, 60 per cent are women.

274. The table below shows what activities generate most jobs in women owned businesses.

The population of employed women has increased during the period under consideration, although the majority of them are still in feminized jobs and in the service sector and fewer women of child bearing age are now leaving their jobs, although part time employment continues to be the case.

According to a study carried out by the Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade, some 184,000 women have entered the labour market as independent workers, and 96 per cent of them engage in some form of self employment.

And she said business was even more important for women because earning an income earned respect and money was power for women.

These services enable working women to develop in their careers and increase the family income.

144. The Act applies to every female person employed in or about the business of a shop or office .

Women in Israel have a high presence among social benefits recipients a figure mostly derived from women's longer life span and their employment patterns.

The 2004 Human Development Report also contained no female employment indicators for Gabon.

Numbers of female workers in agriculture and horticulture

ARTICLE 11 Employment of women

In businesses owned by men, only 15 of the employees are women, whereas, in those owned by women, women represent 64.5 of the employees.

And that was actually an excellent business, because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood.

To improve the economic independence of women and provide sensible employment, the State Employment Assistance Programme for 2003 2005 provides for measures to promote employment among women.

The rate of female employment in the service sector varies also within regions, depending on the sector.

The sex ratio below the age of 30 shows that more women are finding their way into professional and technical jobs.

The Research Centre for Gender Equality ( Κ.Ε.TH.Ι.

(ii) Employed women

The efforts of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment to encourage women returners to take paid employment also target also ethnic minority women not receiving benefit who want paid employment.

The share of women in the overall unemployment figures is over half for those with secondary, higher and university degrees.

Along with traditional measures that provide for vocational training and retraining, job placement and benefits, nontraditional measures are being sought to find employment for women, such as the creation of the Labour Exchange for Women and a network of business and social centres, job placement for quota based jobs, temporary employment and public paid work, and concessional lending and microcrediting for women's employment.

In urban areas, 55.4 per cent of the population is economically active, and more men than women have joined the workforce (71.1 per cent of urban men, as against 40.1 per cent of urban women).

(c) Occupational segregation, including concentration in traditional female occupations

Women and employment in the service sector

45 of all micro enterprises and small businesses in the country are owned by women and generate one third of the employment in those businesses.

277. Women account for 29.6 of the total workforce in this sector, and the female participation rate is lower than for males in all occupational groups.

There are people creating jobs.

On the labor market side, the most powerful lever to bolster the majority s wellbeing would be to increase the employment of women, whose workforce participation rate still lags behind that of men by as much as 40 globally. Including more women presupposes better childcare and other social support in many countries, as well as further progress on pay equality, including the more equal taxation of second earners.

(c) its workforce has the lowest educational level (of the three analysed for their impact on the employment of women), and the women workers have a higher educational level than the men.

Trends in women's employment

79

The number of women entrepreneurs in agribusiness is very limited, owing both to the fact that only 5 per cent of the country's female entrepreneurs are involved in such activities and to the fact that women represent only 5 per cent of Nicaragua's agricultural producers.

Unemployment rates for females are higher than those for males, and youth unemployment is greater than that of adults.

Ms. Belmihoub Zerdani said that, although women theoretically had equality of opportunity with men in the labour market, the actual situation was quite different, with only 37.1 per cent of women being employed as compared to 50.7 per cent of men 59 per cent of the total number of unemployed were women.

See 3 4 of Articles 2 3 of the present Report.

Women

Unemployment, as before, has a female face.