(b) Official rates, determined by government authorities

This publication includes three types of rates (a) market rates, determined largely by market forces (b) official rates, determined by government authorities and (c) principal rates, where appropriate, including for countries maintaining multiple exchange rate arrangements.

(a) The Registrar shall establish the operational rates of exchange between the euro and other currencies, on the basis of the operational rates of exchange established by the Secretariat of the United Nations.

Furthermore, remittance levels are double those of official development assistance (ODA).

6150 Licence linked with non official foreign exchange

The Farah Report documents an unofficial exchange rate or market rate of about 10 to 12 Iraqi dinars to a Kuwaiti dinar in July 1990 (see page 81, paragraph 513 of the Farah Report).

4. Instead of using the latest available exchange rates, budgetary assumptions relating to operational exchange rates should be based on an averaging method.

(i) Exchange rates

4390 Restrictive official foreign exchange allocation n.e.s.

Currency exchange rate

Currency exchange rate

(f) Exchange rate

(c) Principal rates, for countries maintaining multiple exchange rate arrangements.

The existing exchange rate arrangements in most ESCWA member countries incorporate negative aspects of the two extremes of exchange rate regimes.

The Exchange Rate Delusion

Loss on exchange

In that connection, the Committee considered comparative per capita income data that had been converted at market exchange rates (MERs) and purchasing power parities (PPPs).

19. Ideally, the conversion rate for statistical data for each country should be the official rate which it used for transactions with the rest of the world in the period under consideration.

Exchange rate fluctuation

Coverage Report

Rates of exchange 1998 1999

What's the rate of exchange?

The Rio Group was pleased that the Committee on Contributions had agreed on criteria for deciding when market exchange rates (MERs) should be replaced with other exchange rates and that it had decided that relative price adjusted rates of exchange (PAREs) were, in general, the most technically sound method of adjusting MERs.

Summary of advantages and disadvantages of various methods for adjusting market exchange rates

Second, conversion rates based on MERs should be used for the 2007 2009 scale, except where excessive fluctuations justified the use of PAREs or other appropriate rates.

Decreases in exchange rates reflect the strengthening of the United States dollar against the schilling.

From the point of market performance, over the past year, the two way floating characteristics of RMB exchange rate is outstanding. The elasticity of exchange is expected to be strengthened and the exchange rate is expected to be generally stable.

Chinese officials have been on the receiving end of a lot of gratuitous advice. They have been wise to disregard it.

The Committee concluded that relative PARE was in general the most technically sound method of adjusting MERs, when distortions were identified, for the purposes of preparing the scale.

Price adjusted rates of exchange

Fluctuation in the exchange rate.

As the budgetary requirements represent a euro based calculation, UNIDO's share, at an exchange rate of 0.901 US 1 (the official United Nations rate of exchange at the time of submitting the requirements to the United Nations General Assembly), would represent 1.22 million of the 7.6 million total.

We know that the value of such remittances surpasses that of official development assistance.

At the same time, while relative PARE would henceforth be the default method used by the Committee in cases where MERs were not appropriate, the Committee recognized that other solutions might be needed in specific cases.

It had concluded that relative PARE was in general the most technically sound method of adjusting MERs, although other solutions might be needed in specific cases.

The operational rates of exchange shall be those established by the Secretary General and communicated to the Executive Director.

Indeed, over this period the cumulative decline in ODA at constant prices and exchange rates has reached almost 25 per cent (it remains over one fifth for ODA flows to countries currently deemed to be aid recipients).

China s Forex Follies

B. Exchange rate fluctuations

a December 1997 rate of exchange.

c November 1998 rate of exchange.

Is that a fair rate of exchange?

In the present report, in estimating the effect of exchange rate changes experienced in 2005, the realized exchange rates from January to November 2005, with the November rate applied to December, have been used.

Effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation

Effects of changes in rates of exchange and inflation