Adult stem cells are throughout our body, including the blood forming stem cells in our bone marrow, which we've been using as a form of stem cell therapy for over 40 years.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

Because in ALL leukemia, that set of genes over there over expresses.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

A staph cell can be next to a muscle cell in your body and borrow genes from it when antibiotics come, and change and mutate.

In MLL, it's the middle set of genes, and in AML, it's the bottom set of genes.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

And one of the the cutting edge areas that we're just incredibly excited about is stem cell therapy.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

There's another thing, which is you've got to get these genes into cells.

(c) Sprut MBI determination of volumes of intra and extra cellular fluid, total circulating blood volume and the proportion of cellular and fluid blood components in the human body under conditions of weightlessness

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

You place the vascular blood vessel lining cells on the inside.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

That's all stem cells.

But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells the fact that these cells are derived from five day old human embryos has encouraged research into other types of stem cells.

And these stem cells then float in the bloodstream and hone in to damaged organs to release growth factors to repair the damaged tissue.

Stem Cell Obscurantism

The Stem Cell Race Continues

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

Cancer cells mutate and they gain the ability to release lots of those angiogenic factors, natural fertilizer, that tip the balance in favor of blood vessels invading the cancer.

Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific antibodies that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV infected.

A blood vessel is made up of two different cell types.

This is one One of the things that one does occasionally need to do is to separate blood cells from serum.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

It is a fact that when our organs or tissues are injured, our bone marrow releases stem cells into our circulation.

But because each of your cells contains your entire gene code, each cell can be reprogrammed, if we don't stop stem cell research and if we don't stop genomic research, to express different body functions.

These cancers include acute lymphoblastic leukaemia acute myelogenous leukaemia chronic lymphocytic leukaemia hairy cell leukaemia non Hodgkin's lymphoma Hodgkin's disease melodysplastic syndrome multiple myeloma retinoblastoma Ewing sarcoma Wilms tumour neuroblastoma sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma testis tumour and lung cancer.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

There go the cells.

Because what stem cells are they're these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue.

The normal cells of women carrying the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations can still recombine, because they retain one functional allele or alternative form of the gene. Only those cells losing this remaining functional allele of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene will become tumors.

We worked with a theme, which is, you've got macrophages that are streaming down a capillary, and they're touching the surface of the capillary wall, and they're picking up information from cells that are on the capillary wall, and they are given this information that there's an inflammation somewhere outside, where they can't see and sense.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

I can sprinkle a few cells, stem cells from the patient's own hip, a little bit of genetically engineered protein, and lo and behold, leave it for four months and the face is grown.

And these cells can either be identical, or they can be distinct from each other through asymmetric cell division.

Plus we have stem cells.

So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree with the patient's own blood vessel cells, and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.

Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels.

If we cannot use stem cells from your body then we'd like to use donor stem cells.

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.

Well it turns out that in the daf 2 mutants, a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues, and repair damage.

You all know about embryonic stem cells.

And I focused my research on stem cells as a possible source for cell transplants.