Enforcement of the provisions of the Competition Act is in the hands of administrative bodies and the judicial authorities.

Topic 1 Experience of developing countries with the implementation of competition law and policy

A Competition Commission is established at the regional level to apply competition rules in respect of anti competitive cross border business conduct, promote competition in the Community and coordinate the implementation of the Community Competition Policy it is to collaborate on enforcement with national competition authorities.

Regarding Cooperation Between Their Competition Authorities In the Enforcement of Their Competition Laws

Recognizing further the need for effective competition law enforcement,

I Agreements on competition law enforcement 29

Notification of enforcement activities or anticompetitive conduct

Agreements on competition law enforcement

B. Panel on Experiences of developing countries with the implementation of competition law and policy

Difficulties of developing countries in enforcing competition laws, including in cases with international elements, and the application of competition laws to cross border anticompetitive practices

Difficulties of developing countries in enforcing competition laws, including in cases with international elements, and the application of competition laws to cross border anticompetitive practices The long term economic benefits of an effective competition policy, in particular its contribution to the growth and export competitiveness of developing countries

After reporting on his country s technical assistance activities in support of developing countries efforts to adopt and implement competition laws and policy, he proposed that UNCTAD should formulate model courses on competition policy corresponding to the stage of development of countries and their experience in the implementation of competition law and policy.

enforcement 5 7 6

His competition authority was ready to contribute to the implementation and development of the competition policy provisions of the Southern African Customs Union.

The liberalization policies under way will further sharpen the competition in the industry.

It is now understood that globalization brings with it new challenges in competition law enforcement.

Nothing in this Article limits the discretion of the requested Party's competition authorities under its competition laws and enforcement policies as to whether to undertake enforcement activities with respect to the anticompetitive practices identified in a request, nor precludes the requesting Party's competition authorities from undertaking enforcement activities with respect to such anticompetitive practices.

Further requests the UNCTAD secretariat to continue publishing the following documents

Technical cooperation provided to Estonia has consisted, in particular, of seminars organized for competition authorities and lawyers on competition policy issues, and assistance in the implementation of competition law.

Competition law and competition authority could be introduced in due course.

The APEC training programme on competition policy, which also aims at supporting the implementation of those Principles especially focusing on competition policy, has contributed to the encouragement of competition culture and the effective enforcement of competition law in the region through exchange of views and information.

It states further that general interest obligations, which belong to the area of social and economic regulation, should be set out in a transparent manner.

Officials of the Parties' competition authorities shall meet periodically to exchange information on their current enforcement efforts and priorities in relation to their competition laws.

In any coordination arrangement, each Party's competition authorities will seek to conduct their enforcement activities consistently with the enforcement objectives of the other Party's competition authorities.

(c) International aspects of competition and the problems for competition law enforcement, including international mergers and industrial concentration which affect other countries and the strengthening of international cooperation. Annex II

(c) International aspects of competition and the problems for competition law enforcement, including international mergers and industrial concentration which affect other countries and the strengthening of international cooperation.

The report looks at some cases with specific lessons regarding the implementation of competition laws.

15. A draft project on Support for the finalization of the initial application of Egypt s competition law has been elaborated by UNCTAD with a view to providing technical support in the process of enacting competition legislation and establishing a competition authority responsible for the enforcement of competition legislation in Egypt.

Through these campaigns, competition authorities stimulate a culture of competition and make the public realize how harmful anti competitive practices are.

He called for UNCTAD to further extend its technical cooperation relating to competition enforcement.

This was one of the main efforts undertaken by Venezuela in its five years of experience in implementing competition law.

33. Technical cooperation provided or planned by Peru consists of (a) training in the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI) for officials of developing countries preparing or applying competition legislation (b) sending officials from the Commission of Free Competition of INDECOPI to advise developing countries on the implementation of competition legislation.

WAYS IN WHICH POSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON COMPETITION MIGHT APPLY TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, INCLUDING THROUGH PREFERENTIAL OR DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT, WITH A VIEW TO ENABLING THESE COUNTRIES TO INTRODUCE AND ENFORCE COMPETITION LAW AND POLICY CONSISTENT WITH THEIR LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Such cooperation enabled the exchange of information and experiences between competition agencies and assisted in the effective enforcement of competition law against international hard core cartels.

He described the initial experiences of his country's competition authority in implementing its recently adopted competition law in respect of transactions involving both domestic and foreign firms.

Candidature of the Arab Republic of Egypt for the Executive Council of UNESCO.

The Parties agree that it is in their common interest to secure the efficient operation of their markets by enforcing their respective competition laws in order to protect their markets from anticompetitive practices.

1.1. The sphere of action of the Competition Directorate

The Parties agree that it is in their common interest for their competition authorities to work together in technical cooperation activities related to competition law enforcement and policy.

Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil regarding Cooperation between their Competition Authorities in the Enforcement of their Competition Laws, Washington, DC, 26 October 1999.

Costs of implementation of national competition policy could be minimized by recognizing that, in small markets, concentration might not be as important as ensuring the contestability of markets.

It also recommended further issues for review and in depth consultations by the Review Conference, namely on (a) techniques for gathering evidence on cartels (b) the role of economic analysis in competition law enforcement (c) the role of the judiciary in such enforcement (d) application of competition law and policy to the informal sector and (e) how to operationalize special and differential treatment for developing countries in competition law and policy.

25 1996) (production quotas maintained by Parma ham producers in Italy the Federal Trade Commission deferred enforcement action to the Italian competition authority).

6. The representative of Tunisia, summarizing recent developments in competition law and policy in his country, said that the scope of application of the law had been extended, the competition authority s structures and powers had been consolidated and implementing regulations had been adopted.

GLOBALIZATION, COMPETITION, COMPETITIVENESS AND DEVELOPMENT