Deprive your brain of oxygen for just a few minutes, those brain cells die, they never come back.

And they will either enter into this so called cellular suicide, programmed cell death, or they will form unhealthy daughter cells and enter into apoptosis once they have divided.

And then this bubbling, this membrane bubbling, is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell.

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.

So what happens when a person gets a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration? What happens is is that, the front end cells die, the photoreceptors die, and over time, all the cells and the circuits that are connected to them, they die too.

And so I thought, Maybe if it can promote cell growth, it can inhibit cell death, too.

If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating for example Alzheimer's, where the brain, the brain cells, die and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells what if we could, in the future, use cancer? A tumor put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells?

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

However cancer is constrained by living inside our bodies, and its continued growth, its spreading through our bodies and eating away at our tissues, leads to the death of the cancer patient and also to the death of the cancer itself.

One of the paradoxes of this process is that in adult birds and mammals the total number of brain cells remains remarkably constant. The new neurons replace older ones of the same kind that die a process of natural rejuvenation.

And what they find is a single point mutation in a gene responsible for controlling programmed cell death.

I mean, on the slide, you can see that on our sensitive side, these cells that are responding to the drug, when we start blocking the protein, the number of dying cells those colored dots they're going down.

It was in her brain, in her lungs, in her liver.

As just a second example these pyramidal cells, large cells, they can span a significant fraction of the brain.

However, as far as I know, all the species have evolved to actually die, so when cells divide, the telomerase get shorter, and eventually species die.

Laboratories around the world are trying to develop ways to bring this knowledge to clinical situations. The trick will be to induce the brain to produce and deliver to the correct destination any kind of neuron that might be needed, so that regardless of cell class, new cells of the required kind can replace others of the same type that have died.

Audience I was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults are actually in the human embryo, and that the brain cells last 80 years or so.

We found activity in some cells called the A10 cells, cells that actually make dopamine, a natural stimulant, and spray it to many brain regions.

Place cells are also being recorded in humans.

Until the only things that you have left are these cells here, the output cells, the ones that send the signals to the brain, but because of all that degeneration they aren't sending any signals anymore.

Sort of eavesdrop on the activity of nerve cells in the brain.

And furthermore, that nervous tissue brain gets cancer, and brain cells are also terminally differentiated.

When computers were first introduced, they were said to be a million times faster than neurons.

So the theory is that he's having some immunological reaction to what's going on to the food essentially, and that's a natural reaction, which causes some programmed cell death.

And now it's in there somewhere.

So the human brain has about a hundred billion neurons in it.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

It was a rare gem a brain tumor, hemangioblastoma the gift that keeps on giving.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

Things in life start out being general cell, and they become specialized You have tissue cells, you have muscle, brain cells. And same things happens with say, a hammer, which is general at first and becomes more specific.

You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments, or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.

And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

Now, there's some things that you can do to make your brain grow new brain cells.

If there are cells in my body that live all 80 years, as opposed to a typical, you know, couple of months?

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

That's always been the case. And so all we can say, well, my neocortex, which is the part of the brain I'm interested in, has 30 billion cells.

One possible mechanism for achieving this is a reverse auction system under which livestock owners would be invited to submit bids to the programme managers indicating the payments they require to reduce the size of their herds.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?