My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

It was in her brain, in her lungs, in her liver.

As just a second example these pyramidal cells, large cells, they can span a significant fraction of the brain.

Audience I was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults are actually in the human embryo, and that the brain cells last 80 years or so.

If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating for example Alzheimer's, where the brain, the brain cells, die and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells what if we could, in the future, use cancer? A tumor put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells?

We found activity in some cells called the A10 cells, cells that actually make dopamine, a natural stimulant, and spray it to many brain regions.

Place cells are also being recorded in humans.

Until the only things that you have left are these cells here, the output cells, the ones that send the signals to the brain, but because of all that degeneration they aren't sending any signals anymore.

Sort of eavesdrop on the activity of nerve cells in the brain.

And furthermore, that nervous tissue brain gets cancer, and brain cells are also terminally differentiated.

When computers were first introduced, they were said to be a million times faster than neurons.

Deprive your brain of oxygen for just a few minutes, those brain cells die, they never come back.

And now it's in there somewhere.

So the human brain has about a hundred billion neurons in it.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

It was a rare gem a brain tumor, hemangioblastoma the gift that keeps on giving.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

One of the paradoxes of this process is that in adult birds and mammals the total number of brain cells remains remarkably constant. The new neurons replace older ones of the same kind that die a process of natural rejuvenation.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

Things in life start out being general cell, and they become specialized You have tissue cells, you have muscle, brain cells. And same things happens with say, a hammer, which is general at first and becomes more specific.

You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments, or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.

And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

Now, there's some things that you can do to make your brain grow new brain cells.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

That's always been the case. And so all we can say, well, my neocortex, which is the part of the brain I'm interested in, has 30 billion cells.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

But we activate targets in the brain, different ones, using that optical fiber array I told you about in the previous slide, in order to try and figure out which targets can cause the brain to overcome that memory of fear.

Laboratories around the world are trying to develop ways to bring this knowledge to clinical situations. The trick will be to induce the brain to produce and deliver to the correct destination any kind of neuron that might be needed, so that regardless of cell class, new cells of the required kind can replace others of the same type that have died.

It's not essential that we can control the activity of all neurons in the brain, just some.

They could have a mental image of the cell as a large, bustling, hugely complicated city that's occupied by micro machines.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.