The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Retail trade 353

Wholesale and retail trade

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

Retail trade and repair services

The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

And at the same time, certainly in Rwanda, it destroyed the local retailing industry.

Retailers have internationalized through franchising, especially in the speciality store segment, where restrictions on commercial establishment were in effect.

New retail plans proposed by different types of industries will lead new retail development into a state of diversified growth.

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels

Glass Steagall aimed to prevent commercial banks from gambling with their depositors money by mandating the institutional separation of retail and investment banking. The result was 65 years of relative financial stability.

The result was 65 years of relative financial stability. In what economists later called the repressed financial system, retail banks fulfilled the necessary function of financial intermediation without taking on suicidal risks, while the government kept aggregate demand high enough to maintain a full employment level of investment.

For example, the United Kingdom s Independent Commission on Banking (ICB) has proposed ring fencing retail activities from investment banking activities in separately capitalized divisions of a bank holding company. This is a compromise aimed at minimizing the incentive to gamble with public insurance while allowing some economies of scale for banking activities.

Its members proposed that universal banks be obliged to set up ring fenced retail banking subsidiaries with a much higher share of equity capital. Only the retail subsidiaries would be permitted to rely on the central bank for lender of last resort support.

Regulatory divergences among countries constitute barriers to entry into the retail industry.

Wholesale receipts had the largest gain at 44.5 per cent, followed by retail sales at 10.1 per cent and services at 8.2 per cent.14

Total retail sales are approaching the 2.0 billion level, having reached 1.8 billion in 1996.

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

Store retail services can be classified according to size, business format, and product mix or specialization.

Moreover, both Liikanen and the ICB favor structured universal banking legally separate entities with separate capital, management, and so forth rather than calling for its demise, as urged by those who want to split commercial from investment banking fully. For large banks, Liikanen would separate trading from deposit banking, while the ICB s proposals, which are now incorporated in draft legislation in Britain, would ring fence retail banking.

The retail giant has said it plans to close 100 stores.

The increasing concentration has generated strong competition among retail establishments, which has translated into lower retailing margins and benefits to consumers.

Due to the recent restructuring of retail activities, supermarkets saw their share rise from 20 per cent of total national food retailing in 1990 to 50 60 per cent of total turnover in 2002.

Recent monthly figures suggest a pick up in retail sales. But, because the official statistics capture mostly sales by larger retailers and exclude the fall in sales by hundreds of thousands of smaller stores and businesses that have failed, consumption looks better than it really is.

At the end of 2004, the distribution of persons employed by the five largest sectors was as follows banking and finance, 2,706 public administration and defence, 2,952 retail trade, 1,873 building and construction, 1,665 and medical and health services, 1,223.

More than two thirds of the businesses are engaged in trade and 57 of these in the retail trade.

Giving micro finance institutions access to national and regional payments systems and electronic retail facilities will go a long way toward meeting the requirements of the retail and business sector in terms of banking facilities. It will also help facilitate access by the poorest to financial services, thus helping to reduce the high proportion of the un banked population.

A review of the retail sector in the last 20 years has revealed that the rise of e commerce was similar to the emergence of discount retailers many years ago both were focused on price and convenience.

In spite of recent developments, retailing continues to be one of the least developed industries in India, and the growth of organized retailing has been much slower than in the rest of the world.

Online sales are less common in retail trade (B2C) or in services' industries, with sales accounting for only 1.7 and 1 per cent of total sales, respectively.

Developments in distribution services market Developed countries Distribution services in both retail and wholesale sectors have become a highly concentrated activity in developed countries, and they also play a commanding role in the overall organization of production, with large retailing conglomerates dominating markets.

The internationalization of the retail industry has been led by European firms.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

A commission headed by Sir John Vickers, the Oxford economist and former Bank of England chief economist, wants banks retail operations to be ring fenced from riskier trading and investment banking businesses. Ring fencing is not exactly Glass Steagall style separation Glass Steagall forbade commercial banks from even affiliating with investment banks but it is in the same spirit.

Wholesale retail trade and repair of motor cars, motorcycles and personal and household effects

In the food retail business, there has been an impressive expansion of supermarket chains.

The publishing, merchandising, and sale of the series have allowed those projects to become viable and independent.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Online retail and supporting logistics is expanding in a wide range of advanced and developing economies. In China, where the expansion is occurring extremely quickly, estimates suggest that only part of the expansion is at the expense of traditional retail.

Retail fuel dealers

27. Retail and wholesale

Retailing is the largest private industry in India and the second largest employer after agriculture.

Indeed, the Indian government s decision to welcome foreign retailers coincided with French retailer Carrefour s announcement that it will shut down its substantial operations in Singapore by the end of this year. Meanwhile, its British counterpart, Tesco, is shifting away from the large hypermarket format and investing heavily in online systems.

Mergers and acquisitions have played an important role in the growing concentration of the retailing industry.