Its members proposed that universal banks be obliged to set up ring fenced retail banking subsidiaries with a much higher share of equity capital. Only the retail subsidiaries would be permitted to rely on the central bank for lender of last resort support.

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Moreover, both Liikanen and the ICB favor structured universal banking legally separate entities with separate capital, management, and so forth rather than calling for its demise, as urged by those who want to split commercial from investment banking fully. For large banks, Liikanen would separate trading from deposit banking, while the ICB s proposals, which are now incorporated in draft legislation in Britain, would ring fence retail banking.

Store retail services can be classified according to size, business format, and product mix or specialization.

The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

Glass Steagall aimed to prevent commercial banks from gambling with their depositors money by mandating the institutional separation of retail and investment banking. The result was 65 years of relative financial stability.

The result was 65 years of relative financial stability. In what economists later called the repressed financial system, retail banks fulfilled the necessary function of financial intermediation without taking on suicidal risks, while the government kept aggregate demand high enough to maintain a full employment level of investment.

The publishing, merchandising, and sale of the series have allowed those projects to become viable and independent.

The group s report, published in October 2012, came to a similar conclusion as the Vickers Commission concerning the danger of brigading retail and investment banking activities in the same legal entity, and recommended separating the two. The proposal mirrors the UK plan the investment banking and trading arms, not the retail side, would be ring fenced but the end point would be quite similar.

Retailers are distributors selling to end consumers.

New retail plans proposed by different types of industries will lead new retail development into a state of diversified growth.

Retailers have internationalized through franchising, especially in the speciality store segment, where restrictions on commercial establishment were in effect.

Part of this is pure automation. Another important part is disintermediation the elimination of intermediaries in banking, online retail, and a host of government services, to name just a few affected areas.

The upshot is that the eurozone as a whole is likely to struggle with a zombie banking system, with only patchy efforts to restructure banks decisively and fairly. Worse, the north south, core periphery divide will harden, with taxpayer backed banks on one side and banks that must fend for themselves on the other.

31. The Banking sector has undergone significant change. The two state banks Banco Comercial de Mozambique (Commercial Bank of Mozambique) and Banco Popular de Desenvolvimento (Peoples Development Bank) were sold to private investors in 1996 and 1997 respectively.

Economy downturn incomes fall some people can t repay mortgages banks sell defaulted houses at low prices house prices fall more people stop paying home mortgages banks sell houses again prices fall again ...

And at the same time, certainly in Rwanda, it destroyed the local retailing industry.

For example, the United Kingdom s Independent Commission on Banking (ICB) has proposed ring fencing retail activities from investment banking activities in separately capitalized divisions of a bank holding company. This is a compromise aimed at minimizing the incentive to gamble with public insurance while allowing some economies of scale for banking activities.

Giving micro finance institutions access to national and regional payments systems and electronic retail facilities will go a long way toward meeting the requirements of the retail and business sector in terms of banking facilities. It will also help facilitate access by the poorest to financial services, thus helping to reduce the high proportion of the un banked population.

Both the Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee offer non financial services, such as retail outlet facilities for products of their clients.

In the bank where Joe works, naturally. Loose cash?

A commission headed by Sir John Vickers, the Oxford economist and former Bank of England chief economist, wants banks retail operations to be ring fenced from riskier trading and investment banking businesses. Ring fencing is not exactly Glass Steagall style separation Glass Steagall forbade commercial banks from even affiliating with investment banks but it is in the same spirit.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

Retailers could exercise their power in setting prices at the local level.

Regulatory divergences among countries constitute barriers to entry into the retail industry.

Retail trade 353

Online sales are less common in retail trade (B2C) or in services' industries, with sales accounting for only 1.7 and 1 per cent of total sales, respectively.

As part of the liberalization sequence itself, State owned banks were sold to the private sector, both domestic and foreign.

Large retailers may also engage in selling below cost and predatory pricing whereby prices are cut aggressively to force competitors to sell at a loss.

The Volcker rule, whereby commercial banks would be barred from trading on their own account, and from owning hedge funds and private equity firms, languishes in Congress. In the UK, an Independent Commission on Banking, headed by Sir John Vickers, rejected separation of retail from investment banking, recommending instead ring fencing deposits from the investment arms of universal banks.

In most countries, the retail sector has typically developed in three stages first, local or regional players dominate, before a smaller number of national companies takes over, with e tailers ultimately challenging traditional businesses. But China lacks national leaders, with the top five Chinese retailers in different product categories commanding less than 20 of the market, compared to up to 60 in the US.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Notably, retail services would in part cover wholesale and commission agents' services under CPC 6111 and 6113.

The argument of the 1930 s was cast less in terms of banks that were too big to fail than as a response to the faulty advice that banks had offered their clients. Investment banks had sold shares and bonds (especially for foreign corporations and governments) to their retail customers, offloaded their own risk, and created a large revenue stream of fees for themselves.

With regard to food distribution more specifically, the industry is composed of many agents, including supermarkets, quick service restaurants and specialty retailers.

Retail fuel dealers

Wholesale and retail trade

27. Retail and wholesale

Developments in distribution services market Developed countries Distribution services in both retail and wholesale sectors have become a highly concentrated activity in developed countries, and they also play a commanding role in the overall organization of production, with large retailing conglomerates dominating markets.

At the end of 2004, the distribution of persons employed by the five largest sectors was as follows banking and finance, 2,706 public administration and defence, 2,952 retail trade, 1,873 building and construction, 1,665 and medical and health services, 1,223.

In May 2007, Estonia was the victim of cyberattacks, that damaged its communication and banking systems.

In the large scale retailing segment, domestic companies still dominate the market the three largest retailers are national firms controlling almost 60 per cent of the market.

One shortcoming of the measure consists in the fact that the crisis has hit both universal and specialized banks. Furthermore, the definition of the boundary between retail and investment banking activities will leave an important grey area and generate perverse incentives.