The hawaladar in Somalia receives the money in hard currency, mostly United States dollars, and makes the relevant transfer to the corresponding foreign hawaladar office.

3. Takes note of the updated list of hard currency duty stations for which the allowances are specified in local currency, as contained in annex VIII to the report of the Commission Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty fifth Session, Supplement No. 30 (A 55 30).

It is hard to see how this ends well. The alternatives seem to be a lengthy and difficult return to growth and employment, or declining enthusiasm for the common currency.

Consequently, I attach a low probability to the currency union s disintegration. Barring such a worst case outcome for Europe, the odds of a hard landing in either India or China should remain low.

Ownership of currency is generally proven through possession of the currency.

The slump in demand is coming at a time when Russia is desperate for hard currency, owing to sanctions that exclude it from credit markets. Its major companies are facing huge debt refinancing needs, its currency reserves are collapsing, its economy is heading toward a deep recession, and the ruble is plumbing new lows.

One possibility is a gradual, market determined erosion of the dollar as a reserve currency in favor of the euro. But, while the euro s international role especially its use in financial markets has increased since its inception, it is hard to envisage it overtaking the dollar as the dominant reserve currency in the foreseeable future.

Since 2005, the US Congress has repeatedly flirted with legislation aimed at defending hard pressed American workers from the presumed threat of a cheap Chinese currency. Bipartisan support for such a measure surfaced when Senators Charles Schumer (a liberal Democrat from New York) and Lindsey Graham (a conservative Republican from South Carolina) introduced the first Chinese currency bill.

Currency exchange rate

Currency of payments

China s Currency Conundrum

Oil Currency Hypocrisy

Currency exchange rate

(c) Currency adjustment

Currency of reimbursement

Not long ago, the IMF pushed hard for countries rich or poor to open up to foreign finance. Now it has acknowledged the reality that financial globalization can be disruptive inducing financial crises and economically adverse currency movements.

Attention is the currency.

The Currency Manipulation Charade

An Accidental Currency War?

Currency War and Peace

(d) Currency exchange adjustments

(f) Currency exchange adjustment

This temporary collapse has shaken public confidence and endangered the balance sheets of Ukrainian banks and companies that have hard currency debts. It has also undermined the calculations on which Ukraine s programs with the International Monetary Fund are based.

In any case, central banks will have to back off eventually. The question is how hard the global economy's addiction to partial monetary policy fixes will be to break and whether a slide into a currency war could accelerate the timetable.

A currency converter and calculator

How to Fight Currency Manipulation

The Myth of Currency Manipulation

The Emerging Market Currency Rout

The Chimera of Currency Manipulation

The Return of Currency Wars

Japanese Lessons for China s Currency

You understand forged currency, forged pictures.

The Dollar Joins the Currency Wars

Can Trade Agreements Stop Currency Manipulation?

Chronicle of a Currency Crisis Foretold

Beggar Thy Currency Or Thy Self?

Measures to deal with currency fluctuations

A new currency has been introduced.

But smallpox eradication was hard it was very, very hard.

It's really hard. And so it's certainly the hard road.

Summers were hard, hard work, in the heat of Tennessee summers.

It is a lot easier to exit from a fixed exchange rate regime when the pressures on the currency are upwards. While it may seem hard to imagine that the speculative tide might ever turn against China, exchange rate pressures can turn in an instant.

The currency was in theory governed by a rules based Currency Board, which the British invented for their smaller colonies. It tied the local currency to the British Pound, giving local authorities no discretion in monetary policy.

This isn't 10,000, it's the local currency.

Economics has become the currency of policy.