First, intergovernmental exchange of tax information, especially automatic exchange of information, should be implemented or intensified if already in operation.

In order that the obligation to exchange information may be broad, a domestic tax interest requirement should not limit the obligation to exchange information.

OECD has emphasized the benefits to tax administrations of the automatic reporting of information by financial institutions for both (a) domestic tax compliance and tax administration and (b) the automatic exchange of information with tax treaty partners

The following are significant issues with regard of exchange of information clauses in tax treaties

Increased coordination and cooperation between Governments entails, inter alia, increased exchange of information in tax matters.

Some specific measures, such as exchange of tax information, do not appear to command universal support.

Recommendation 8 concerning greater and more efficient use of exchanges of information proposes that countries should undertake programmes to intensify exchange of relevant information concerning transactions in tax havens and preferential tax regimes constituting harmful tax competition.

2210 Tax on foreign exchange transactions

Finally, a system for the automatic exchange of tax information among countries would limit the places where tax evaders and money launderers can easily hide their proceeds.

The transmitting State can place obstacles in the way of achieving an effective exchange of information with a tax treaty partner in spite of an exchange of information clause similar to 2005 OECD article 26.

(c) Whether a domestic tax interest requirement in the transmitting State should limit the obligation of the transmitting State to exchange information, that is to say, whether the transmitting State has the obligation to exchange information requested of it even if the transmitting State does not need such information for its own tax purposes

What information should a Government obtain automatically from banks, other financial institutions and other payors of income in that country to overcome de facto bank secrecy and to facilitate effective exchange of information by that Government with other Governments pursuant to exchange of information clauses in income tax treaties or exchange of information agreements?

Recent developments in international commerce and investment have resulted in the need for increased coordination and cooperation between Governments in international tax matters, including increased exchange of information in tax matters.

Information exchange

Information exchange

On the tax side, there has clearly been progress. France imposed on its banks strong transparency and reporting requirements for banking activities in tax havens, in addition to the international standard for information exchange.

Exchange of information

Information exchange provisions

6. Information exchange

(d) Information exchange.

(It should be noted that the OECD Model TIEA is only an exchange of information agreement it is not a comprehensive model income tax treaty.

If the transmitting State does not generally receive that information from payors of income by a method of automatic reporting, the transmitting State generally cannot exchange information automatically with tax treaty partners.

The most significant recent development is that exchange of information provisions in tax treaties should override bank secrecy and other confidentiality laws in the transmitting State.

1, 2 and 3) also stressed the importance of ensuring that exchange of information provisions in tax matters would override bank secrecy and other confidentiality laws.

OECD issued in 2002 the Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters (hereinafter referred to as OECD Model TIEA), which was developed by the OECD Global Forum Working Group on Effective Exchange of Information and resulted from the work undertaken by OECD to address harmful tax practices beginning with the 1998 OECD report (see OECD Model TIEA, introduction and paras.

Information exchange and training

exchange of financial information

Automatic exchange of information

effective exchange of information

5. Exchange of information.

Previous position include Regional Director, Regional Directorate Director for Information Technology, Directorate of Tax Information Executive Secretary, National Tax Court and head of district, District Tax Office, Jakarta.

As detailed in paragraphs 18 to 21 of Barbados' Report of December 2001, Barbados' Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs) authorise the sharing of tax information with foreign counterparts through a comprehensive exchange of information provision.

The automatic exchange of information is a pragmatic and effective response to the perceived lack of global governance regarding international tax issues. By making taxation fairer, governments will have a positive impact on people s acceptance of their tax regimes.

The addition of this paragraph (5) to article 26 reflects the international trend in this area as reflected in the Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters (OECD Model TIEA) and as described in the report, Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax Purposes (OECD, 2000).

3) confirms that (t)he 1998 Report identified the lack of effective exchange of information as one of the key criteria in determining harmful tax practices (emphasis added).

The competent authorities shall, through consultation, develop appropriate conditions, methods and techniques concerning the matters in respect of which such exchanges of information shall be made, including, where appropriate, exchange of information regarding tax avoidance.

Exchange of information and documents

Technical assistance and information exchange

Gathering and exchange of information

Exchange of intelligence and information.

C. Research and information exchange

(b) Full exchange of information

(f) Information exchange, local agencies

Greenhouse Gas Technology Information Exchange

1. Exchange of scientific information.