DIRECT INDIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES

Other modes of participation included more direct participation as through political parties established along ethnic lines.

They also sought greater participation in the treaty body processes including direct participation in treaty body sessions.

The Constitution provided for their direct participation in political decision making.

Position of ICRC It is direct and indirect participation in hostilities

The active participation of women in this process had a direct impact on women's increased participation in policymaking.

This means that the notion of direct participation has to be defined.

(i) Direct or indirect participation in conflict Qualifiers of participation in conflict should not be used, and instead non participation of any kind in armed conflicts should be guaranteed.

In 2015, Brazil's participation in global direct investment was 3.7 , down from 5.7 in 2014.

Participation was voluntary, the electoral age was 16, and the ballot was direct and secret.

86. In international humanitarian law, there are numerous references to the concept of participation in hostilities , or to direct participation in hostilities but not to that of participation in armed conflicts .

23. The alternative wording of article 1 should not refer to direct participation in armed conflicts.

76. First, the draft optional protocol must prohibit all participation direct or indirect by children in hostilities.

It would be preferable to support the viewpoint that the prohibited participation by children in military operations should not be designated as direct participation since the actual practice in armed conflicts hardly allows any conclusions to be derived from the proposed distinction between direct and indirect participation by children in the conflict.

Although ICRC and many delegations were in favour of applying this prohibition to any and all participation in hostilities, in the end the article specified only direct participation.

81. The fact is that the reference to direct participation considerably weakens the protection conferred on children, because it is not participation in hostilities in general which is covered but just a certain type of participation.

(d) Early and direct participation in further exploration of the nature of the solar environment and the planetary system.

Such a forum would provide a platform for the direct participation of population groups which had traditionally suffered discrimination.

2. Segment for high level participation substantive policy item foreign direct investment and development in a globalizing world economy.

2. Segment for high level participation substantive policy item foreign direct investment and development in a globalizing world economy

19. An alarming trend in recent years is the increasing participation, direct and indirect, of children in armed conflict.

Moreover, if the element of knowingly participates were added to article 1, it would remove the need for direct participation.

Direct dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina and the local participation of Kosovo Serbs are blocked by Belgrade's refusal to engage.

82. In practice, it very quickly becomes evident that the subtle distinction between direct and indirect participation poses serious problems.

A. Segment for high level participation substantive policy item foreign direct investment and development in a globalizing world economy . 30

Such support would make it possible to develop and sustain the direct participation of developing countries in front line activities.

On the issue of direct or indirect involvement in hostilities, some participants believed that any participation should be precluded, as non combat participation of children could be just as, or more, dangerous to the child than combat duty, and that the line between direct and indirect participation was, in practice, both extremely difficult to define and very easy to cross.

Through public pronouncements and direct contacts, the Interim Iraqi Government was engaged in outreach efforts to encourage participation in the elections.

Moreover, ICRC believed that the draft optional protocol should forbid all forms of direct or indirect participation of children in conflicts.

With women s increasing participation in the paid workforce, caregiving patterns are changing, with more men participating in direct and instrumental caregiving.

Similarly, There should be a clear distinction between direct participation in hostilities and participation in the war effort. The latter is often required from the population as a whole to various degrees .

Distinction between direct and indirect participation should not be made because it has proved to be difficult to define it in practice.

The proportion of United States participation in foreign direct investment worldwide grew from 19 per cent to 25 per cent in this period.

That process had included visits to many communities and involved the direct participation of women and children, and of interested persons and agencies.

However, in many cases, it was almost impossible to distinguish between direct and indirect participation in conflicts and between voluntary and forced recruitment.

The basic document of this new body also provides for the direct participation of other indigenous peoples apos organizations in this geographic region.

5. With regard to indirect participation, UNICEF agrees, again, with the position of the Committee on the Rights of the Child that it is very difficult to draw the line between direct and indirect participation.

In the former, it is direct participation in hostilities by children under the age of 15 which is covered, whereas the provisions relating to the latter speak of participation in hostilities by children without further specification.

Such a body should ensure the direct participation of the indigenous peoples concerned and give full and immediate effect to its decisions and conclusions.

Since the plenary, UNHCR has had a workshop on reintegration with participation of field colleagues with direct experience, for example in Angola, Mozambique and Tajikistan.

The direct and active participation of medical universities in the use and promotion of space technology was critical in public health education and remote medical instruction.

5. On the issue of direct or indirect involvement (art. 1), UNHCR continues to believe that all participation of those under 18 years should be precluded.

5. In particular, the ICRC believes that the draft optional protocol should prohibit all forms of participation, whether direct or indirect, by children in armed conflicts.

184. The direct participation in national elections, for the first time since Pakistan apos s independence, of the inhabitants of the Tribal Areas is also welcomed.

92. Finally, article 38, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child refers to direct participation in hostilities and not in armed conflicts.