Space activities demand significant intellectual investment.

The growing demand for energy will require massive investment.

Without such investment, the demand for reactive measures can only increase.

Second, the Chinese production mix does not correspond to domestic demand, and investment in long products has outpaced demand growth.

This process is determined by rules of supply and demand, price, investment and financial transaction liberalization.

But the opposite of the excessive consumption model excessive reliance on investment to generate aggregate demand is also a self limiting growth pattern. When the private and social returns of investment diminish too much, growth cannot be sustained indefinitely, even though rising investment rates can sustain aggregate demand for a while.

As far as Chinese demand is concerned, investment in infrastructure is continuing, although the share of capital investment in GDP has been approaching very high levels.

Properly targeted public investment can do much to boost economic performance, generating aggregate demand quickly, fueling productivity growth by improving human capital, encouraging technological innovation, and spurring private sector investment by increasing returns. Though public investment cannot fix a large demand shortfall overnight, it can accelerate the recovery and establish more sustainable growth patterns.

The costly investment in such new technologies as information technologies is making enterprises from those countries increasingly demand that such an investment generates pay offs in terms of competitiveness.

Water demand management policies could also be used for reducing the waste water volumes and required investment in sewerage.

Investments will be made subject to programme country demand, matched by adequate funding, and fulfillment of basic investment criteria.

The lack of investment decision opportunities is basically due to a weak industrial structure and low level of demand.

First, such investment would allow incomes and aggregate demand to increase, thereby raising the rate of existing capacity utilization.

It is the result of politics and policies in several major economies politics and policies that choked off demand. In the absence of demand, investment and jobs will fail to materialize.

Moreover, public investment works on both the demand and supply sides. It not only boosts aggregate demand directly it also expands potential output by increasing the stock of productivity boosting capital.

While France has specialized in consumer goods such as food and pharmaceutical products, Germany is a leading exporter of investment goods. As the current boom in the world economy is largely fueled by investment demand rather consumption demand, only Germany profits from it to full measure.

At the same time, the demand for new investment opportunities exists in the financial markets, particularly from socially responsible investors.

As stated in the report, foreign direct investment flows to Africa are meagre and lopsided, with the greater portion going to investment in natural resource exploitation, driven by a strong global demand.

It was time to demand that priority should be given to more effective social investment efforts in all national development strategies.

However, to the extent that public investment grows, aggregate demand increases correspondingly, generating some growth and creating a cushion against recession.

The drug trade had all the characteristics of a thriving enterprise, with buoyant demand, steady supplies and no shortage of investment.

More ways for capital to flee, coupled with slow demand growth and high unemployment, had raised global profits without encouraging investment.

Although the import content of such investment may be lower than for tradeable goods sectors, the investment could nevertheless give a strong stimulus to imports through its effects on aggregate demand and economic activity.

Germany, which exports a large volume of investment goods, benefited more than other eurozone member countries from the investment boom in China and other emerging economies. But emerging economy growth is now slowing considerably, including in China, where demand is shifting from investment toward consumption.

What is holding back investment (both in the United States and Europe) is lack of demand, not high taxes. Indeed, given that most investment is financed by debt, and that interest payments are tax deductible, the level of corporate taxation has little effect on investment.

The government is using a variety of instruments, including financial sector credit discipline, to rein in investment demand. Essentially, the government guarantee associated with financing public sector investment is being withdrawn as it should be.

However, the demand could be latent, as many developing countries have had, until recently, restrictive regulatory policies to keep investment funds at home.

The combination of reduced import demand and increased domestic investment suggests that imports may have been constrained through trade policy measures or currency devaluations.

Growth in two components of private demand, residential investment and consumption, which account for more than 75 of total spending in the US economy, has been especially slow. Both sources of demand are likely to strengthen in 2013.

Only the emerging and developing economies of Asia could effectively contribute to lifting global demand through a coordinated effort aimed at boosting domestic consumption, which, in turn, would stimulate additional investment. Recent IMF experience suggests that, through appropriate coordination, private funds could be mobilized for big private public partnership projects linking demand expansion with infrastructure investment.

The consequences in terms of the investment to be made are considerable, not to mention the repercussions at the level of the demand for food.

Investment and saving rates likewise declined during this period and, despite cuts in effective demand and fiscal austerity, high rates of inflation generally persisted (table 1).

NEW YORK Some economists overlook the modern idea that a country s prosperity depends on innovation and entrepreneurship. They take the mechanistic view that prosperity is a matter of employment, and that employment is determined by demand government spending, household consumption, and investment demand.

The contraction of private investment in Europe accounts for only a small part (one third) of the growth gap. Though the financial market tensions that accompanied the euro crisis had a strong negative impact on investment in the eurozone periphery, investment demand has also remained weak in the US, minimizing the overall difference.

This could involve a combination of targeting the sanitation needs of the poor and increasing support for hygiene education, which can leverage domestic sanitation demand and investment.

One reason is that investment may never reach its previous levels. If a service based economy simply has less need for expensive fixed capital, why should we expect a return to the days when business investment was a strong component of demand?

The demand side measures focused on the removal of a number of specific barriers to investment, as well as on the improvement of the information provided to investors.

It was necessary to diversify financial products based on demand, reduce transaction costs and improve regulations to facilitate resource mobilization and help channel domestic saving into productive investment.

Reducing dependence on external demand for example, by promoting private sector investment and encouraging household expenditure is crucial. Supply side policies that promote small and medium size enterprises and service industries accommodating domestic demand are also critical to ensuring more inclusive and sustainable growth.

Since SSEs were among the most vulnerable to the negative economic effects of closures and movement restrictions, the programme saw increased demand for working capital loans, reflecting pressure on cash flows, and decreased demand for capital investment, as local markets contracted and business confidence fell.

This means that unless America s domestic savings rate rises mightily which it shows no signs of doing and unless investment expenditure remains abnormally low for the rest of this decade, the supply of loanable funds to finance investment will soon be much less than demand when the current account deficit narrows to sustainable levels. But when supply is less than demand, prices rise sharply.

Why continue building when you can neither finance your investment nor sell real estate? Russian consumers are already scared and will cut their consumption, causing aggregate demand to contract.

The expected increase in exports will sustain domestic demand in both countries, and the manageable level of inflation that is predicted may sustain consumer confidence, thereby gradually increasing investment.

But this investment rate is likely to decline sharply over the next 5 10 years, because the country already boasts new infrastructure, has excess manufacturing capacity in many sectors, and is trying to shift economic activity to services which require less investment. Moreover, China s rapidly aging population and declining working age population will reduce long term investment demand.

The world also faces a serious investment problem, which the low cost of capital has done virtually nothing to overcome. Public sector investment is now below the level needed to sustain robust growth, owing to its insufficient contribution to aggregate demand and productivity gains.