Impact of abortion on lower fertility rate.

Implementation of the national health policy through the Primary Health Care Programme has produced improvements in

Inequitable and low levels of access to education low enrolment rates for girls, and persistent disparities between girls and boys.

All these factors contribute to high levels of fertility, morbidity and mortality, as well as to low economic productivity.

The same is also the case for those regions with relatively low levels of fertility.

The world today encompasses, therefore, countries at all stages of the demographic transition, that is to say, the transition from a regime of high fertility and high mortality producing low population growth to one where both fertility and mortality are low and produce again low rates of population change.

In developed countries, fertility declined much earlier than in the developing world and has been very low (below 2 children per woman) since the 1980s.

TGF Rates Global of Fertility

However, this decline was not observed uniformly among all social groups.

Of the three geographical regions, this one has the lowest total fertility rate.

Lower fertility rates by age and higher educational attainment levels were noted among the women taking part in the study.

Birth Rates and Fertility Rates

Fertility rates had been reduced, family planning was practised and women had access to free birth control and counselling services in all institutions affiliated with the Ministry of Health.

Introducing community solidarity mechanisms for dealing with pregnancy and childbirth risks (MURIGA).

Since its inception in the 1970s, the programme has made slow and modest gains in terms of declines in the population growth rate and the total fertility rate and an increase in the family planning prevalence rate.

And here, down, there are many countries which are less than two children per woman.

FERTILITY

The fact that, during the transition, mortality reductions usually precede fertility reductions leads to a period of rapid population growth.

Despite the progress made in reducing the total fertility rate, there are still significant differences between desired and actual fertility, which are related to women's level of education, place of residence, income and ethnic group.

We will have to decide whether to have a low birth rate, or a high death rate.

Comparing the drop out rates of female and male students at primary level in 1999 and 2001, the number of female drop outs rate was lower than that of male drop outs rate (in 1999 the ratio was 0.77 1.01 and in 2001 the ratio was 1.01 1.23).

12.5 Fertility

Minimum rate of growth

With so different incomes, it's almost the same drop in number of babies per woman.

The fertility rate calculated for the period 1990 1995 was 2.7, representing a decline of almost 23 per cent over the 15 preceding years.

What demographers call the Total Fertility Rate is the average number of live births per woman over her lifetime. In the long run, a population is said to be stable if the TFR is at the replacement rate, which is a little above 2.3 for the world as a whole, and somewhat lower, at 2.1, for developed countries, reflecting their lower infant mortality rates.

Total fertility rate

Specific fertility rate

High drop out and low enrolment rates among boys and girls in both primary and secondary levels are very often symptoms of poor quality education and gender biases in schools, at all levels of the education system.

The bottom line is that urbanization, schooling, and Internet access are woefully insufficient to transmit effectively the tacit knowledge required to be productive. That is why today s emerging markets are so much less productive than rich countries were in 1960, even though the latter were less urban, had higher birth rates and less formal schooling, and used much older technologies.

Educated women have decreased maternal mortality

The difference between desired and actual fertility is wider among lower income women (whose desired and actual fertility rates are 3.8 and 5.5, respectively) than among higher income women (2.5 and 1.7, respectively).

And the way to do that, that is to get child mortality down, get access to family planning and behind that drive female education.

She also expressed concern that despite the high literacy rate, the fertility rate, at 4.3, remained high and the contraceptive prevalence rate, 33 per cent in 1999, was low.

The fertility rate for 1990 1995 was 2.7, representing a drop of almost 23 per cent over the past 15 years.

TFT total fertility rate

Through the integration of family planning in primary health care programmes, Tunisia apos s birth rate had become the lowest in Africa.

Hence, like the least developed countries, the higher fertility countries in this group would most likely benefit from increased efforts to reduce unwanted fertility.

The total fertility rates for the regions ranged from between three children for Karas region to over five children for Kavango and Ohangwena regions.

1.2.2 Fertility, Reproduction and Mortality

The demographic developments in Greece are characterized by a decrease of the birthrate, fertility and death rate and, during the last decade, by the repatriation of aliens of hellenic descent and the inflow of immigrants.

As healthcare improves, as infant mortality goes down, fertility rates start dropping. And India is experiencing that.

407. The total fertility rate in 1991 (3.5) was 75 per cent higher than the desired rate, which is estimated at two children per woman.

The TFR in China and India was 6.1 and 5.9, respectively, in 1950. It now stands at 1.8 in China, owing to the authorities aggressive one child policy, while rapid urbanization and changing social attitudes have brought down India s TFR to 2.6.

Fertility of adolescents