The Kyoto Protocol has generated new markets for trading carbon emissions, such as the European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). At current carbon prices, the value of carbon sequestration by tropical rainforests likely equals or exceeds the current level of international aid being provided to developing countries.

(e) Any tonnes of carbon equivalent emissions allowed that are transferred to another Party under Article 6 (international emissions trading).

Green carbon, which is the deforestation and agricultural emissions, and blue carbon together comprise 25 percent of our emissions.

(a) Denial of the opportunity to sell tonnes of carbon equivalent emissions allowed through international emissions trading and or joint implementation and

An ETS depends on measurement of national emission totals, which presently appears to be adequate only for energy related CO2 emissions.

Emissions trading 28 29 13

What we're also missing is blue carbon, which, by the way, is the largest store of carbon more than 55 percent.

CAMBRIDGE There is a serious danger that the international adoption of cap and trade legislation to limit carbon dioxide emissions will trigger a new round of protectionist measures. While aimed at reducing long term environmental damage, cap and trade policies could produce significant harmful economic effects in the near term that would continue into the future.

(b) Emissions trading 135 138 48

Several vehicles for offsetting GHG emissions exist such as purchasing emission credits from stand alone projects, from a carbon fund, or from an emission trading scheme.

What's green carbon?

Even if every country has a cap and trade system and all aim at the same relative reduction in national CO2 emissions, the resulting permit prices will differ because of national differences in initial CO2 levels and in domestic production characteristics. Because the price of the CO2 permits in a country is reflected in the prices of its products, the cap and trade system affects its international competitiveness.

Another initiative worth watching is the Hong Kong stock exchange s exploratory project to offer a trading platform for emissions derivatives, which will most likely include conventional pollutants as well as carbon. The exchange will undertake a study this summer, with trading to begin as early as 2008.

For example, Point Carbon (emission trading market) quotes the price of carbon as the European Union Allowance (EUA), which changes daily, and the World Bank (carbon fund) indicates USD 3 5 tCO2 for the Prototype Carbon Fund and EUR 5 6 tCO2 for the Netherlands Clean Development Facility.

Only Europe has tried to make a serious shift away from carbon emissions, creating a system that requires each industrial emitter to obtain a permit for each ton of CO2 emissions. Because these permits trade at a market price, companies have an incentive to reduce their emissions, thereby requiring them to buy fewer permits or enabling them to sell excess permits for a profit.

By contrast, ETS requires the imposition of an emissions cap and focuses on national emission totals.

Cars and trucks add up to about 25 percent of the world's CO2 emissions.

Environmentally, meat, amazingly, causes more emissions than all of transportation combined cars, trains, planes, buses, boats, all of it.

There is a carbon calculator. Participant Productions convened, with my active involvement, the leading software writers in the world on this arcane science of carbon calculation to construct a consumer friendly carbon calculator.

But what we're missing is also some other emissions like black carbon, that is soot.

A. Joint implementation and greenhouse gas emissions trading

B. Pros and cons of joint implementation and emissions trading

For 13 Parties, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion represented more than 90 per cent of the total CO2 emissions.

Commitments on adaptation in the Paris agreement would go a long way toward closing this gap. The international auctioning of emissions allowances and allowances in domestic emissions trading schemes, a carbon tax, revenues from international transport, a surcharge on electricity transmission, and financial transaction taxes could generate as much as 220 billion per year in additional revenues.

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions per Capita

(d) Any tonnes of carbon equivalent emissions allowed that are acquired from another Party under Article 6 (international emissions trading) (see paragraphs 136 136.2) or Article 7 (joint implementation) (see paragraphs 143 143.6) and minus

Emission levels achieved before the start of any trading system established under this Protocol cannot be used as the basis for emissions trading

(a) Emission levels achieved before the start of any trading system established under this Protocol can not be used as the basis for emissions trading

The European Union ETS is the main marketplace.

You can very precisely calculate what your CO2 emissions are, and then you will be given options to reduce.

28.1 Parties should be allowed to trade and bank emission reductions.

In a cap and trade system, the government sets total allowable national emissions of CO2 per year and requires any firm that causes CO2 emissions to have a permit per ton of CO2 emitted. If the government sells these permits in an auction, the price of the permit would be a cost to the firm in the same way as a carbon tax and with the same resulting increases in consumer prices.

Purchasing a similar amount in the European Emissions Trading System would cost about 5. For the same money, Denmark could have reduced CO2 emissions more than a thousand fold.

Denmark s subsidies, for example, pay almost 6,000 to avoid one ton of CO2 emissions. Purchasing a similar amount in the European Emissions Trading System would cost about 5.

Green carbon, which is the deforestation and agricultural emissions, and blue carbon together comprise 25 percent of our emissions.

Total CO2 emissions amounted to 2,387,000 Gg in 1990, which represented 11 per cent of the global CO2 emissions, making the Russian Federation the world apos s second highest emitter of energy related CO2.

He also noted the call made for international cooperation on reforms such as carbon taxes and auctioning of internationally tradable emission permits.

One car emits four tons.

Figure 2. Total Global Emissions (Gigatons)

A. Joint implementation and greenhouse gas emissions trading 44 46

B. Pros and cons of joint implementation and emissions 47 53 trading

Trends in CO2 emissions from transport, total CO2 emissions and total GHG emissions

CH4 and N2O accounted for 11 per cent and 4 per cent of total emissions, while emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 taken together were 1.8 per cent of total emissions.

And it puts 18 thousand tons of carbon dioxide in the air.

Why Cutting Carbon Emissions is not Enough