States should assist each other during the investigation of corruption cases and in the enforcement of legislation against corruption.

The words are essential to the prevention and control of corruption should be replaced with are essential to the prevention of corruption, including, inter alia, effective measures for its detection, investigation and punishment .

During 2004, CPCB initiatives to combat corruption had included the investigation of corruption cases, the examination of conflicts of interest of public officials and the scrutiny of financing of political parties.

The Kenyan anti corruption authority, whose mandate included the investigation of corruption cases, had been established and was fully operational.

the anti corruption coordination authority and

Such assets may be used to provide the means for restitution for victims of corruption and to finance law enforcement investigations aimed at preventing and controlling corruption and may be shared with other States that have been involved in and have contributed to the detection and investigation of corruption cases.

Extensive information was provided by Latvia in connection with activities of the Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (CPCB), which was reported as being responsible for the prevention and investigation of corruption, public awareness raising, as well as for the coordination of the implementation of anti corruption measures in state and local government institutions.

A national corruption strategy was adopted in February and six Cabinet Ministers are currently being investigated for corruption.

coordinating and harmonizing the policies and legislation of States for the purposes of prevention, detection, punishment and eradication of corruption on the continent

Investigators have spent approximately 18 months looking into the most significant charges of corruption concerning Pristina airport.

Investigation into allegations of theft and corruption arising out of fees at Pristina airport

Publications providing technical guidance and policy advice include (a) UN Guide for Anti Corruption Policies (b) United Nations Handbook on Practical Anti Corruption Measures for Prosecutors and Investigators (c) United Nations Anti Corruption Toolkits and (d) The Compendium of International Legal Instruments on Corruption.

The Council also requested the Secretary General, inter alia, to review and expand the manual on practical measures against corruption International Review of Criminal Policy, Nos. 41 and 42 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.IV.4). to coordinate and cooperate with other United Nations entities and relevant international organizations in the anti corruption efforts and to keep the issue of action against corruption under regular review.

promoting and strengthening the development of mechanisms for preventing, detecting, punishing and eradicating corruption and related offences

Freedom of the press, civil measures against corruption and restitution to victims, education of the public, research into corruption and training of those fighting it are also covered in the draft framework convention.

It is designed to assist investigators in overcoming the hurdle of bank secrecy, and to provide for a golden mean between attacking corruption and offering asylum, where appropriate asylum, however, cannot be allowed to facilitate the avoidance of justice in cases of corruption.

On the occasion of the first International Anti Corruption Day, on 9 December 2004, the Interministerial Coordinating Group for the Fight against Corruption had organized a lecture on measures and procedures preventing corruption.

Investigations in the area of procurement continued to deal with allegations of corrupt behaviour by United Nations staff.

It is not for the Commission to divert its attention into any parallel investigation of fraud, corruption or money laundering that may have taken place.

(d) Programme of international surveys on the impact of crime and corruption on business and industry launched (in cooperation with UNIDO)

Emphasizing that institutions weakened by corruption generate further opportunities for corruption, the authors also suggested that the relationship between the rule of law and corruption was intertwined and that further research was needed.

Corruption.

promoting the harmonization and coordination of national laws and policies for combating corruption.

C. Corruption

4. Corruption

(c) Identification and prevention of corruption within drug law enforcement agencies

The Economic and Social Council, in its resolution 1995 14, adopted on the recommendation of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its fourth session, urged States to develop and implement anti corruption measures, to increase their capacity to prevent, detect, investigate and prosecute corrupt practices and to improve international cooperation in the prevention and control of corruption.

In view of the complex nature of corrupt practices and the difficulties in detecting and investigating related crimes, the elimination or curtailment of bank secrecy is essential.

States should consider providing for joint investigations, including through the establishment of joint anti corruption units, or within regional and international arrangements, with a view to preventing and controlling corruption cases that may be carried out in more than one State, or through the use of international transactions or banking and commercial arrangements.

A series of anti corruption measures had been undertaken in recent years, including the establishment of the National Council to Combat Corruption and the National Programme to Combat Corruption.

China s Losing Battle Against Corruption

(h) Combating corruption

They talk about corruption.

Anti corruption law

The Office continued to promote enhanced coordination and cooperation of efforts to combat corruption through the International Group for Anti Corruption Coordination, composed of more than 20 international and regional organizations.

President Kabila stressed the determination of the Transitional Government to fight corruption.

In addition, the Council requested the Commission to keep the issue of action against corruption under regular review.

They underlined that the United Nations Convention against Corruption was the only international instrument dealing with the issue of asset recovery and return in the context of corruption.

According to the information received, the victim was the father of two well known journalists who were investigating drug trafficking and corruption in Paraguay.

The representative of the Secretariat also provided a brief overview of threats and trends in corruption, referring to political corruption, to corruption within the judicial sector and to the role of the private sector in the fight against corruption.

(ii) Taking legal, administrative and political measures against corruption, including by disclosing and investigating and punishing all those involved in acts of corruption and by criminalizing payment of commissions and bribes to public officials

Probes into allegations of corruption are ongoing and the parliamentary inspectorate against corruption reported on 16 February that it had submitted to the Office of the Public Prosecutor three cases of embezzlement from the State, totalling some 420,000 United States dollars.

Among the measures adopted are the enactment of strict anti corruption laws the establishment of anti corruption, assets declaration and allied watch dog bodies the restructuring of judicial and law enforcement agencies and the enhancement of the agencies' investigative, data gathering and information sharing capacities.

Measures against corruption

(a) Combating corruption