(e) Flights for Canadian astronauts (opportunities on the United States space shuttle and preparation of related experiments)

Flights by cosmonauts and astronauts on board manned Russian spacecraft

The flight programme of the four Russian cosmonauts and six American astronauts included joint scientific and technical research and experiments under the Mir Shuttle programme.

The Russian Federation and the United States of America had continued to invite astronauts and cosmonauts from other countries on board their quot Mir quot space station and space shuttles.

To complete the group, M. Garneau, the first Canadian astronaut in space, was selected for a second space shuttle mission.

It was launched in March 1995 and retrieved by a Japanese astronaut aboard the Space Shuttle in January 1996.

On 6 February 1995, the cosmonauts assisted in completing the main phase of the flight programme of the American craft Discovery, during which it was brought closer to the Mir orbital station.

The crew of Atlantis STS 86 consisted of seven astronauts, including the Russian cosmonaut V. Titov, the French astronaut Jean Louis Chrétien and the NASA 6 astronaut David Wolf, who replaced the NASA 5 astronaut Michael Foale on board the Mir station.

(i) Spaceplane

Important data had been gathered during several United States Space Shuttle missions, including flights involving Canadian, French and Japanese astronauts.

D. Space shuttle

But as that space shuttle returns to Earth, and as the astronauts enter the Earth's gravitational field, they begin to see the effects of gravity.

A cosmic dust collector, mounted on top of the MFD experimental apparatus in the Shuttle payload bay, was exposed in space in the Shuttle flight direction for approximately 50 hours.

Dr. B. Thirsk was also selected as a payload specialist for space shuttle flight STS 78, following a rigorous international selection process involving astronauts from several countries.

NASA astronauts Bonnie Dunbar and Norm Thagard have been training to fly on the Mir space station since March 1994 at the Russian Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City.

Space Shuttle Orbiter

45. For the foreseeable future, the non Russian ISS crew will use the extravehicular activity mobility unit currently used by space shuttle astronauts.

(a) Damage to shuttle windows

There are indeed precedents relating to aerospace objects, such as space shuttles, in respect of their aerodynamic characteristics.

NASA, for example, serves thermal stabilized sweet and sour pork on its shuttle menu for its astronauts.

NASA uses ground based telecommunications facilities to provide telemetry, command, and navigation services to a number of NASA, other United States, and international spacecraft such as the Space Shuttle other Earth orbiting spacecraft planetary orbiters and international spacecraft.

The spaceship transported a crew consisting of United States astronaut Leroy Chiao and Russian cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov and also cosmonaut Yuri Shargin, who went for a 10 day orbital mission and then returned on 24 October together with the crew of the ninth main mission who had worked on the Station for six months.

The Aircraft Agreement eliminates duties on aircraft and most aerospace engines and parts.

The work of the 18th principal expedition (cosmonauts V. Dezhurov and G. Strekalov and the American astronaut Norman Thagard), which lasted 115 days, included experiments in extra atmospheric astronomy and biomedical and geophysical research foreseen under the Russian American Mir Shuttle programme.

Marc Garneau, Canada apos s first astronaut in space, flew for a second Space Shuttle mission as a Mission Specialist aboard Endeavour, STS 77.

A French astronaut was chosen as backup for the IML 2 mission, while another French astronaut flew on behalf of ESA aboard the shuttle Atlantis on the international ATLAS 3 mission.

No precedents are believed to exist with respect to the passage of aerospace objects after re entry into the Earth apos s atmosphere in so far as the Space Shuttle might not be regarded as an aerospace object , since it is not strictly capable of motion through airspace.

The crew of that mission, Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka and astronaut Edward Michael Fincke of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, took over from the crew of the eighth main mission, Alexander Kaleri and Michael Foel, who during their six months on board the ISS had carried out numerous scientific experiments, more than 40 of them part of the Russian programme.

And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code for NASA to do virtual surgery in preparation for the astronauts going into deep spaceflight, so they could be kept in robotic pods.

The launch of the Soyuz TM 25 craft with the crew of the 23rd principal expedition, consisting of the two Russian cosmonauts Vasily Tsibliev (commander) and Aleksandr Lazutkin (flight engineer) and the German astronaut and research scientist Reinhold Ewald, took place on 10 February 1997.

Upcoming space shuttle missions will involve Canadian astronauts Julie Payette and Steve MacLean as mission specialists and Dave Williams as a payload specialist.

Launching organization Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo (now renamed Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)

Launching organization Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo (now renamed Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)

Dr. Boden wanted at National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(d) Damage to other exposed shuttle surfaces.

Canadian astronaut C. Hadfield took part in the Shuttle Mission STS 74 that docked with the MIR station of the Russian Federation, and operated the Canadarm system used to put into place the docking adaptor that will allow repeated shuttle missions to MIR.

Then NASA had two large and image damaging space shuttle accidents the Challenger disaster of 1986, followed by the disintegration of the Columbia over Texas in 2003. These catastrophes stripped NASA of its appetite for risk.

(g) The return to Earth of the American astronaut from the NASA 5 mission

The 20th principal expedition began on 3 September 1995 with the launch of the Soyuz TM 22 manned transport craft with a crew of three consisting of Yuri Gidzenko (commander), Sergei Avdeev (flight engineer) and Thomas Reiter (an astronaut and researcher from ESA).

In the final phase of this work the cosmonauts collaborated with the Russian American crew (cosmonauts V. Dezhurov and G. Strekalov and the American astronaut N. Thagard), who arrived at the Mir station on board the Soyuz TM 20.

They will be mounted on the top of the JFD experiment apparatus in the Shuttle payload bay and will be exposed to the Shuttle flight direction for 40 hours.

This thing was designed three years after Gagarin first flew in space in 1961.

Preparations are also under way for the second flight of the Aquatic Research Facility on the NASA shuttle in 1998.

Dr. Boden wanted at National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

A further problem was to ensure the security of the flights of air transport and aerospace objects that might entail developing an entire set of regulations covering the requirements both of aviation and of cosmonautics.