The reduction in the Fund budget reduced the requirements for general purpose funds.

It is expected that other similar investment funds will be established, which should increase the amount, and consequently decrease the costs, of funds available for lending to the poor.

Efficient utilization of inputs through technical assistance can help to reduce costs and may be as important as the financial costs.

In the case of Bolivia, which seeks to encourage new microfinancial institutions, it is reported that the Government has begun licensing a new class of intermediaries, known as private financial funds, subject to the same solvency and reserve requirements as banks, but with lower minimal capital requirements.

When investors make less risky loans, they require a lower risk premium , thereby reducing the cost of borrowing to the borrower.

The cropping of oilseeds takes place annually, thereby reducing long term investment requirements.

Demand creation and long term financing would give manufacturers incentive to produce new vaccines and reduce costs.

The availability of ample

Finally, an early request for OMT intervention would not only reduce the Italian and Spanish governments borrowing costs (and thus their fiscal deficits), but would also lower the cost of capital for local firms, which currently find it difficult to borrow and invest. Thus, it would provide a much needed boost to these countries struggling economies.

It is also planned to decrease the care allowance to 80 per cent of remuneration.

Licensing requirements for foreign investment have also been reduced, making investment easier for enterprises.

A particular drop occurred in wages and salaries which lost much of their purchasing power.

While the adjustment would have no impact on net salaries, it would lower the gross salaries of the scale by 20 per cent, as requested.

Governments, it is true, could get their money cheaper as yields fell. But banks were not lending the money made available to them, partly because they used it to pay down their own debts, and partly because of low demand for loans.

It also believed that demand reduction should focus not only on illicit drugs, but also on alcohol and tobacco, prescription drugs and volatile solvents.

In the last month alone, Australia, India, Mexico, and others have cut interest rates. China has reduced reserve requirements on banks.

I also urge Member States to increase core funding and reduce the proportion of earmarked funds so as to help increase coherence in the system.

At the same time, suspension of payments will lower the immediate foreign exchange requirements and reduce considerably the size of a rescue package.

The new margin requirements for derivatives, introduced in order to reduce systemic risk, are one example of such a chokepoint. It might make sense to apply them to banks or hedge funds, but pension funds are highly creditworthy institutions that pose little or no systemic risk to financial markets.

Thematic funds have fewer restrictions than most other resources, allowing for longer term planning while reducing transaction costs and recovery rates.

A major reason for the low and declining volume of investment in Africa is the low mobilization of resources from both domestic and external sources.

The world also faces a serious investment problem, which the low cost of capital has done virtually nothing to overcome. Public sector investment is now below the level needed to sustain robust growth, owing to its insufficient contribution to aggregate demand and productivity gains.

However, if countries invest wisely in the transition to a low carbon economy, they will stimulate innovation and generate decades of sustainable growth. Thus, it is important that climate finance be used to foster public and private investment in low carbon infrastructure and technologies, particularly to lower the cost of capital, which is crucial to scale up projects and encourage renewable energy adoption.

For example, audit, entry and annual fees, tax on business profit, prudential requirements such as minimum capital, bank guarantee and minimum managerial experience as required in some States.

The ability to refinance government debt and keep costs down is essential to strengthening public finances and boosting GDP growth. Furthermore, attracting more direct investment is crucial, given that capital inflows, while recovering, remain 30 below their pre crisis level with outflows exceeding inflows, Italy has become a net capital exporter.

Today s historically low interest rates should encourage long term investment, as they lower the current cost of capital. But new financial regulatory frameworks such as Basel III, which aims to reduce risk in the banking sector, and Solvency II, the European Union s equivalent for insurance companies are inadvertently discouraging such investment.

Like technological innovation, financial innovation is concerned with the perpetual search for greater efficiency in this case, reducing the cost of transferring funds from savers to investors. Cost reductions that represent a net benefit to society should be regarded favorably.

They therefore have strong incentives to evaluate financing requests carefully, and to assist borrowers in bad times, thus reducing the pressure to sell assets at fire sale prices and minimizing the likelihood of financial contagion. Finally, the Islamic financial framework protects deposit balances, and prevents excessive credit growth.

Policies are needed to support technology transfer that facilitates remittances or investments by making such transfers less costly.

All of this requires financing bank recapitalization alone could require hundreds of billions of euros (though these needs would be mitigated somewhat if the sovereign debt of large eurozone countries looked healthier).

A stronger international focus on demand reduction was now required.

We have found that too much loose money from donor funds sometimes interferes with the lowering of interest rates.

We must reduce energy demand.

Investments will be made subject to programme country demand, matched by adequate funding, and fulfillment of basic investment criteria.

When we do it, we will put the cost of care down.

They are trying to keep costs down.

41. Other responses might include an easing of the reporting requirements under certain circumstances.

The government might be tempted to rely on rapid inflation to try to reduce the real value of its debt. Fear of that strategy could cause investors to demand even higher real interest rates.

Similarly, full disclosure of the salaries received by military officers, and even lower ranking military personnel, might place pressure on the military to reduce either the size of the military and or pay levels.

An ability to pool resources and reduce costs for technology development (e.g. the undertaking of joint projects)

Such interest may be satisfied by requiring that the project company be established with a certain minimum capital.

It was noted that article 13 provided minimum essential requirements for the recognition of a foreign representative and that it would not be appropriate to lower those standards for the purposes of article 9.

In the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, only a reduction of 21 per cent in the volume of subsidized exports was called for.

As the minimum wage is increased, employers incentive to substitute equipment or more skilled employees strengthens. This reduction in the demand for low skilled workers could be offset by taking into account the hourly equivalent of transfer payments when calculating the minimum wage.

In addition to introducing value for money contracting, it has striven to lower costs and to improve the quality of its services by means of decentralization.