Japan recorded its highest annual growth rate since 1996, whereas the European Union recovery remained sluggish.

The deleveraging of governments, financial institutions, and households is one major cause of the sluggish economic recovery. But sluggish growth means less tax revenue and more demands for payments to cushion hardship, placing pressure on government budgets.

The sluggish growth in domestic demand and restrictive government regulations encouraged many Indian enterprises to seek OFDI as an alternative route for growth (Lall, 1983).

But much of this discussion is merely a form of political correctness. It is more reassuring and feels better to tell Europeans that growth is sluggish because society is not sufficiently knowledge based, rather than pointing to the trade off between vacations and growth.

8. For over a decade, until 1994, Africa experienced sluggish growth in GDP which resulted in a continuous decline in per capita incomes.

Overgenerous social welfare payments create disincentives to work, hire, invest, and grow. Chronic sluggish growth is insufficient to create opportunities for the continent's masses of unemployed and underemployed young people.

Meanwhile, growth of demand is expected to remain sluggish and can be expected to be adversely affected by the East Asian crisis, and the coffee market is still under the threat of crop failures.

The Bank of England has warned economic growth will remain sluggish as it kept interest rates on hold amid a tightening squeeze on family incomes.

Export markets in the Middle East were sluggish owing to slower growth in Saudi Arabia and the aftermath of the hostilities in the Persian Gulf.

Like Brazil, India experienced a spurt of output growth after liberalizing its economy in the 1990 s indeed, until a few years ago, GDP growth was approaching Chinese style rates. This year, however, output is expected to rise by a relatively sluggish 5.9 .

These setbacks are hardly a coincidence. Persistent sluggish growth throughout the developed world has left major economies unusually vulnerable to the inevitable bumps in the road.

That is especially true when growth falls below 1 , leaving a thin margin between expansion and contraction. Such sluggish performance is the economic equivalent of stall speed the heightened vulnerability that aircrafts can encounter at low velocity.

Given the large current account deficit, the sluggish economic growth and the apparently overvalued exchange rate, investors began to express concern, especially following some destabilizing political events.

Aw, a little sluggish. We'll make it alright.

Chinese policymakers should bear in mind that the value of the yuan is only one among many factors that affects the competitiveness of China s economy. After all, a currency can appreciate while an economy is sluggish, or depreciate despite robust growth.

Employment in the US is growing, but the rate of workforce participation remains subdued and the economy has yet to attain the 6 7 growth rates usually recorded in a post recession rebound. The US, Europe, and Japan are likely to experience continued sluggish performance, inhibiting China s export growth.

One reason that Indian prices are rising is that infrastructure growth remains sluggish. Progress on roads, railways, and power projects all of which could prevent food from perishing prematurely, and energy and commodities from being unnecessarily wasted is essential to stabilizing prices.

Worse, in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, sluggish growth and high unemployment in developed countries have fueled demands for more protectionism. Thus, the financial liberalization of the 1990 s and early 2000 s is also under threat.

By contrast, many emerging economies, highly dependent on commodity export earnings, have been stressed by the commodity price reset, sluggish growth in developed economies, and slower growth in China. Capital flight would materially add to their plight in some cases disastrously so.

Now China has to figure out a way to sustain growth when demand in the rest of the world is sluggish. A return to a substantially undervalued exchange rate would almost certainly provoke an international response, including from the US Congress.

Sluggish exports mean slow growth, which in turn places limits on social mobility and the expansion of an entrepreneurial middle class. That helps preserve the political power of entrenched veto wielding players, closing the trap.

That is why it is essential to determine, prior to any effort to boost investment, whether sluggish growth in Europe reflects abnormally low capital formation. The data suggest that it does from 2007 to 2013, investment has fallen by 18 in the EU, compared to just 6 in the United States.

Of course, exports have also slowed, given sluggish growth in the rest of the world. Commodity exporters such as Australia, Indonesia, and Brazil have already felt the effects of slowing Chinese growth, as have countries, such as Germany and Switzerland, that depend on satisfying China s voracious demand for capital intensive goods.

But the combination of full employment and low growth rates actually points to an underlying problem very slow productivity growth. Add to that a shrinking pool of workers capable of meeting the needs of Germany s labor market the country s population is aging, and the arriving refugees lack the needed skills and the German economy seems set for a protracted period of sluggish performance.

They are constantly challenging sluggish, over centralized responses to their asymmetrical, adaptable organizations and methods.

But meeting the challenge will require vigorous growth from America s other 30 especially private capital spending. With the American consumer likely to remain on ice, the same 30 must also continue to shoulder the burden of a sluggish economic recovery.

When international funds are available, this produces short lived booms and large current account deficits, financed by heavy external borrowing. When international liquidity dries up, as it often does for Brazil and Latin America, weak domestic investment and sluggish growth follow.

Unfortunately, since the debt crisis in early 1980, the external environment of African countries had experienced a rapid deterioration, with major blows to manufacturing industries, sluggish investment, an increasing debt burden, limited improvement of infrastructure, product diversification and income growth.

This raises the question of whether Japan s current problems sluggish growth, high public debt, and rapid population aging presage a similar trend across East Asia. Similar problems are already appearing in South Korea, while China has been driven to loosen its one child policy and unveil plans for economic reforms aimed at reviving growth.

This is reflected in the persistently sluggish recovery in the advanced economies today. Even the United States, which has fared better than most since the crisis, has recorded GDP growth of little more than 10 since the start of 2008 over the same period, China s economy grew by about 66 .

that you won't be sluggish, but imitators of those who through faith and patience inherited the promises.

that you won't be sluggish, but imitators of those who through faith and patience inherited the promises.

Concerns have been raised about the influx of cheap labor. But average GDP growth rates in the new members are twice as high as in the original members, and this can provide a welcome stimulus to stagnant labor markets and sluggish economies.

Inflation in the euro area was then slightly above 2 . Given the movements in the euro s exchange rate in previous months and sluggish growth in the euro area, we expected that inflation rates would decline, but only to levels close to 2 .

Growth is an important poverty reducing force, and trade is the engine of growth.

Is Inequality Inhibiting Growth?

Rather than recovering strongly, sluggish Western growth is periodically flirting with recession at a time of high unemployment and multiplying debt concerns, particularly in Europe. In an amazing turn of events, virtually every Western country must now worry about its credit ratings, while quite a few emerging economies continue to climb the ratings ladder.

Growth is starting, economic reform.

Is Export Led Growth Passé?

To strengthen public accounts, both conservatives and progressives should start promoting a long term balance sheet oriented approach to policymaking, ensuring that the debates are based on relevant data. Otherwise, the wrong policies and, with them, anemic GDP growth and sluggish job creation will continue to prevail.

Each of these six factors suggests actual and potential economic healing. So, not surprisingly, they have provoked excitement in some circles that the US may finally be poised to leave behind the depressing trio of unusually sluggish growth, persistently high unemployment, and high and growing inequality.

For example, segmented production for global supply chains has stimulated trade in intermediate goods and promoted foreign direct investment. Now, however, closer economic integration means that sluggish growth in China and India will reduce job opportunities and slow the rate of poverty reduction throughout the region.

Rising interest rates, high inflation, and severe policy gridlock amid a spate of government corruption scandals have impeded both foreign and domestic investment in India, thus slowing economic growth to a level that is below its potential. An unpredictable regulatory environment, inadequate infrastructure, and a sluggish, monsoon dependent agricultural sector are adding to the economy s problems.

Is democracy bad for economic growth?

What will happen is economic growth.