Capital flows and commercial bank lending had been cyclical.

43. Bank lending and deposits in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have been modest.

And, yes, there are things like Grameen Bank and micro lending.

And how does official lending respond? , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2392 (Washington, DC World Bank).

Construction and equipment of girls school, West Bank (Iceland) Solidarity group lending programme (New Zealand)

However, the increase in lending in 1997 was based largely on increased lending from commercial banks (35 per cent of the commercial bank flows went to Angola).

Since the 1990s private finance has shifted from international syndicated bank lending to international bond issues.

Irresponsible borrowing by governments in international credit markets requires irresponsible lending. Bank regulators should just say no to such lending by institutions that are already under their purview.

These countries have little access to bond markets and to medium to long term commercial bank lending.

Moreover, since only Governments could access World Bank lending, the difficulty lay in mobilizing funds for local projects.

Germans do not see why they should be vulnerable because of poor quality mortgage lending in American inner cities. Depositors with the British bank Northern Rock blame American developments for the credit turbulence that made it impossible for the bank to continue to fund its lending.

When banks make loans, they create deposits for borrowers, who draw on these funds to make purchases. That generally transfers the deposits from the lending bank to another bank.

The retail giant Wal Mart is driving emissions reduction throughout its supply chain. Meanwhile, the World Bank and the European Investment Bank have stopped lending to high emission coal plants.

The Bank apos s President, Mr. James Wolfensohn, had recently articulated the principles of that approach, which were increasingly reflected in the World Bank apos s lending for enhanced environmental management.

The Bank apos s lending programme was structured in three main areas the first was investment in people and human resource development.

20. The World Bank is involved in lending programmes for the development of new energies through the promotion of conventional power generation.

The prominence given to the matter reflects the recent success of small scale lending programmes such as the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh.

Also, since Beijing, the Bank has done much to integrate girls education into its country dialogues, country assistance strategies and lending programmes.

But they also wanted banks to direct more resources to financing domestic investments and industry. The bank reforms generally did punish the bankers, but they were not successful in promoting new bank lending.

This situation, combined with marginal bank lending and low levels of official development assistance, undermined the efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals.

112. Another important area of the World Bank apos s lending programme was projects designed to promote environmentally sound and socially sustainable development.

The agreement with the local bank was renegotiated to allow more favourable interest rates for community lending activities, thereby contributing to self sustainability.

Fortunately, however, these shortcomings can be overcome. Regulators and Internet financiers can look to traditional bank lending to individuals and SMEs as they devise new measures to minimize risk and lock up bottom lines in the P2P lending sector.

Multilateral lending institutions apply different conditions to their lending activities.

(b) Despite IMF lending and several rounds of IMF programmes, the economic deterioration could not be redressed, and in most of the cases there were runs on bank deposits and an ensuing bank crisis.

While ownership of bank assets by foreign institutions offers potential opportunities, excessive foreign ownership of bank assets has also, at times, constrained lending to the domestic private sectors and small and medium scale enterprises.

111. Ms. GRAYSON (World Bank) said that in 1987 the World Bank had conducted an evaluation of its agricultural projects, as a result of which it had substantially decreased its lending for rural development.

The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, the most prominent of the successes, now reaches over 2 million people, with cumulative lending of about 2.1 billion.

Furthermore, many bank shareholders have suffered from the disruption in lending, either directly or via their businesses or employers. Some have even lost their jobs.

Alhough the Bank of China curtailed its lending growth to only 6 last year because of concerns about credit quality, many new local banks have expanded their lending aggressively, and could now suffer huge losses as the economy slows and firms solvency weakens.

A multilateral agency such as the World Bank could play a critical role in launching a market in commodity bonds. The fit would be particularly good in those countries where the Bank is already lending money.

Consumer lending product

The Bank was able to provide lending facilities to local businesses and individuals, which has enabled a marked increase in house building on St. Helena.30

60. One reason the original members of CGAP decided to locate the secretariat within the World Bank was to strengthen the Bank s growing microfinance lending portfolio.

Stimulus programs were sold as being a temporary palliative, needed to bridge the gap until the financial sector recovered and private lending resumed. But, while bank profitability and bonuses have returned, lending has not recovered, despite record low long and short term interest rates.

In the United Kingdom, banks have been criticized for not lending the reserves created by quantitative easing to the real economy, leading the Bank of England to introduce its funding for lending scheme in 2012. In the eurozone, it is hoped that this year s asset quality review (AQR) and stress tests will finally dispel concerns about bank solvency and free up credit supply.

For its part, the People s Bank of China (PBOC) has engaged in cautious monetary loosening, which includes freeing up more funds for lending by banks that allocate a certain proportion of their total loan portfolio to SMEs. The PBOC, through its pledged supplementary lending program, has also started lending directly to banks that have promised to use the funds for social housing construction.

88. As part of its biodiversity assistance strategy, the Bank supported biodiversity conservation and sustainable use through regular lending of client Governments and grant financing through GEF.

The IMF s Lending Overhaul

(d) Consumer Lending (CLP)

Solidarity group lending product

Lending or borrowing money

I am lending money

Solidarity group lending programme

The actual use of this kind of lending, so far at least, is rather modest the overall portfolio of the World Bank, for example, is only 218 million.