Even more fundamental arithmetic lies at the core of the debt quandary. The tax rate required to fund social welfare benefits depends on three factors the dependency ratio (the ratio of recipients to taxpayers) the replacement rate (the ratio of benefits to average wages) and the economic growth rate (roughly, productivity plus population growth).

The adult literacy rate is 98 per cent.5 The pupil teacher ratio averages 25 1.

Registered unemployment rate among women, employment rate among women (as a part of total female population), economically active women rate, women's participation in executive authority, and ratio between men and women aged over 15 in literacy.

Comparing the drop out rates of female and male students at primary level in 1999 and 2001, the number of female drop outs rate was lower than that of male drop outs rate (in 1999 the ratio was 0.77 1.01 and in 2001 the ratio was 1.01 1.23).

After the Middle East, Africa has the second highest ratio of unemployment with an estimated rate of 10.4 per cent unemployed.

The US unemployment rate may seem to hint at the risk of rising inflation, but the employment to population ratio continues to signal an economy in deep distress. Indeed, wage patterns suggest that this ratio, not the unemployment rate, is the better indicator of slack in the economy and nobody ten years ago would have interpreted today s employment to population ratio as a justification for monetary tightening.

Crude death rate The ratio of deaths in a population in a given year to the average population for the same year.

Crude birth rate The ratio of live births in a population in a given year to the average population for the same year.

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To be sure, a youth unemployment ratio of 13 or 19 is not grounds for complacency. But, while the eurozone s youth unemployment rate has increased since 2009, its ratio has remained the same (though both significantly exceed pre 2008 levels).

Among those in the 20 24 age group, the difference between the reported unemployment rate and the percentage of youth without a job and looking for one (the unemployment ratio) is less stark. But, even among this age group, one finds that the unemployment ratio is often about one half of the widely reported unemployment rate.

Although men outnumber women in the capital city, the female enrolment rate is higher than the rate for males in the rest of the country, where the ratio rose from 0.81 in 2000 to 1.03 in 2005.

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