For example, the Republic of Korea has undertaken measures to encourage the issuance of bonds by SMEs.10 One objective of the Asian bond market initiative11 is to increase bond financing options for smaller companies in Asia.

The funds for securities investment and other similar funds as held by an enterprise shall not be classified as a loan or account receivable.

The Fund apos s bond portfolio was helped by its overweighting in United States and United Kingdom bonds and an underweight position in yen bonds.

This was followed up by the launch of a billion dollar Asian Bond Fund.

Article 14 An enterprise may accept the capital contribution made by an investor in the form of monetary, real object, intangible assets, stock equity, or specific creditor's right and so on, among which, the specific creditor's right means the convertible bonds issued by the enterprise under law and the creditor's rights that are converted into equity under the related provisions.

The Asian Bond Fund 2 (ABF2) was launched in December 2004.6 ASEAN 3 is studying the feasibility of a Pan Asian bond index fund and a fund of bond funds, to provide cost effective, diversified instruments for investors.

Article 57The financial liabilities refers to the following liabilities of an enterprise

In order to solve the problem of non payments to one another, to make use of the potential of commercial banks and of bills of exchange and promissory notes issued by enterprises

Upon the issuance of the bonds, the United Nations would invest the bond proceeds in a project construction fund account to be invested over the period of construction.

Article 41 A securities firm engaged in securities business for its own account is limited to trading of legally issued stocks, bonds, warrants, securities investment funds or other securities recognized by the securities regulatory agency under the State Council.

(a) A significant number of large pension funds have investments in the following additional asset classes inflation protected securities, high yield bonds and alternative investments (e.g., hedge funds, commodities, forestry and private equities).

There have also been initiatives in some countries to increase bond financing options for SMEs.

Third, debts owed by agricultural enterprises to the State should be rescheduled and a special fund set up to provide them, on a competitive basis, with credit facilities and guarantees.

Given that the assets and liabilities of the Fund are expressed in United States dollars, it is appropriate to develop the assumptions by reference to yields available on United States long term Government Bonds.

Article 21 In case an enterprise raises debt funds under law in forms of loans, issuing bonds or financial leases and so on, it shall define the purpose of fund raising, make necessary decisions on capital structure in accordance with the fund costs, debt risks and reasonable fund demands and conclude a written contract.

The funds of an insurance company shall not be applied to the establishment of any entity to trade bonds or securities or investment in enterprises.

7. Welcomes, in addition, the use of innovative funding modalities, including, inter alia, co financing schemes and trust funds, debt equity swaps, as appropriate, and other debt relief measures, industrial joint venture schemes, enterprise to enterprise cooperation and venture capital funds for industrial development, in particular in the developing countries

The application of funds of an insurance company is limited to bank deposits, trading of government and financial bonds and other forms of fund application stipulated by the State Council.

The termination of recognition shall refer to the writing off the financial asset or financial liability from the account or balance sheet of the enterprise concerned.

In enterprise debt, IMF's report suggests that comprehensive measures can be taken to address enterprise debt issues.

Public and publicly guaranteed debt rose moderately, while bond financing fell dramatically by 40 per cent.

Of the roughly 200 trillion in global financial assets today, almost three quarters are in some kind of debt instrument, including bank loans, corporate bonds, and government securities. The derivatives market certainly helps spread risk more widely than this superficial calculation implies, but the basic point stands.

Sierra Leone would issue iron ore bonds and Mongolia would issue copper bonds. Investors would be able to buy Guatemala s coffee bonds, Côte d Ivoire s cocoa bonds, Liberia s rubber bonds, Mali s cotton bonds, and Ghana s gold bonds.

Jamaica, for example, would issue aluminum bonds Nigeria would issue oil bonds Sierra Leone would issue iron ore bonds and Mongolia would issue copper bonds. Investors would be able to buy Guatemala s coffee bonds, Côte d Ivoire s cocoa bonds, Liberia s rubber bonds, Mali s cotton bonds, and Ghana s gold bonds.

That performance exceeded the Fund apos s benchmark, the Salomon Brothers World Government Bond Index, which had returns of 1.2 per cent and 5.4 per cent, respectively, for each of the two years.

(1)In the active market, the quoted prices of an enterprise for the financial assets it holds or the financial liabilities it plans to assume shall be the present actual offer, while the quoted prices of an enterprise for the financial assets it plans to acquire or the financial liabilities it has assumed shall be the available charge.

Thus, the agricultural institutions working in rural development, in an attempt to facilitate rural funding, has been creating alternative sources of funding such as Agricultural and Rural Development Fund (FFADR), Fisheries Development Fund (FFP), Small Industry Development Fund (FFPI), Fund for Agricultural Credit and Rural Development (CCADR), etc.

Since 2003, key Asian central banks have established two Asian bond funds with capital of 3 billion in total.

Bond holders are to receive 456 million in bonds due in 2011 (with the same coupon of 9.5 per cent) and 574 million in bonds due in 2018 (with the same coupon of 9.04 per cent).

However, the 25 largest funds in the United States invest mainly in United States instruments and have liabilities mainly in United States dollars.

Bond

The authorities will issue 35.2 billion in new securities, comprising 15 billion in par bonds, 11.9 billion in discount bonds and 8.3 billion in quasi par bonds.

(3) Enterprises controlled or actually controlled by a securities firm

(33) As regards investment yield, it is required to make disclosure of investment yield in current year and that in last year by securities category (like government securities and funds, etc.).

Article 30The financial assets and financial liabilities initially recognized by an enterprise shall be measured at their fair values.

So far, policymakers are talking only about exchanging old Greek bonds for cash (in buybacks) or new Greek bonds. It would be far preferable to exchange them for Eurobonds, backed by the full faith and credit of all eurozone countries.

Bonds? Real estate?

Among the first countries to invest their considerable state owned funds were Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Norway, and Singapore. They invested, and still invest, their budgetary surpluses worldwide in government bonds and state owned enterprises.

In South Africa, a special fund exists to promote inter firm cooperation.

CAMBRIDGE Six months ago, I wrote that long term interest rates in the United States would rise, causing bond prices to fall by so much that an investor who owned ten year Treasury bonds would lose more from the decline in the value of the bond than he would gain from the difference between the bonds interest rate and the interest rates on short term money funds or bank deposits.

Article 27Where an enterprise (debtor) enters into an agreement with a creditor so as to substitute the existing financial liabilities by way of any new financial liability, and if the contractual stipulations regarding the new financial liability is substantially different from that regarding the existing financial liability, it shall terminate the recognition of the existing financial liability, and shall at the same time recognize the new financial liability.

What other part of the corporate world has the ability to drive the global economy into recession, as banks did in the fall of 2008? And who else has an incentive to maximize the amount of debt that they issue?

Stock exchanges are another source, as are tax collection foreign direct investment debt forgiveness, which also releases some money long term bonds borrowing and finally, pension funds.

The Government has drawn up draft laws on reducing the tax burden on the labour remuneration fund, introducing a single land tax, tax stimulation for small businesses and restructuring the debts of industrial enterprises.

Article 24When an enterprise becomes a party to a financial instrument, it shall recognize a financial asset or financial liability.