Many shareholders and stakeholders would be interested in information that would help them determine that management is running the enterprise with the best interest of all shareholders and stakeholders in mind and not to unduly benefit any related parties (see also section II.E.6 below on conflict of interest).

If an enterprise knowingly damages the interests of its stakeholders, it can risk negatively affecting its own ability to produce long term shareholder value.

It was the result of decades of sustained activism, shareholder advocacy and consumer advocacy.

A large body of empirical evidence indicates that corporate governance and investor protection are better in countries that are more advanced in their economic and political development. This pattern is usually interpreted as support for the argument that improved corporate governance and investor protection leads to such development.

The purpose of these important rules is to protect outside investors from the opportunism of insiders. When such rules are too lax, insiders face insufficient constraints on their ability to run the firm in ways that serve their private interests at the expense of outside, general investors.

These include multilateral agencies, civil society, national stakeholders and the donor community.

Disclosure should be comprehensive to demonstrate to shareholders and other stakeholders whether remuneration is tied to the company's long term performance as measured by recognized criteria.

In particular, the group agreed that the board should disclose structures put in place to prevent conflicts between the interests of the directors and management on the one side, and those of shareholders and other stakeholders on the other.

A number of approaches regarding the external audit, such as the need for auditor partner rotation and the avoidance of possible conflicts of interest involved in providing non audit services, can be considered to ensure that external audits serve shareholder and other stakeholder interests in the intended manner.

Maximizing shareholder value over a particular time period may satisfy the interests of some shareholders but violate the interests of others. The simple theory of profit maximization assumes away the conflicting interests of diverse shareholders.

C. Civil society and other stakeholders

This suggests that, rather than viewing shareholder value and stakeholder value as mutually exclusive objectives, there are indications that the opposite is true, and that the two objectives are probably interdependent in the long run.

And stakeholders with specific trade offs will try to influence the decision.

Other stakeholders apos participation

One of the major responsibilities of the board of directors is to ensure that shareholders and other stakeholders are provided with high quality disclosures on the financial and operating results of the entity that the board of directors had been entrusted to govern.

The experts took the view that there should be sufficient disclosure of the qualifications and biographical information of all board members to assure shareholders and other stakeholders that the members can effectively fulfill their responsibilities.

The corresponding judgment of the International Court of Justice had struck a balance between the interests of the company and those of the shareholders and had enhanced legal clarity.

When the duties of the board in this area are clearly disclosed, shareholders and other stakeholders could find it useful in providing an additional level of comfort with regard to the fact that the financial statements accurately represent the situation of the company.

Material issues regarding stakeholders, environmental and social stewardship

Individuals gravitate to organizations that are compatible with their personal preferences. So companies can attract like minded shareholders by espousing distinctive values, missions, and cultures.

Due account will be given to sectoral and other needs assessments undertaken by all stakeholders.2 Involvement of all stakeholders, including the civil society and private sector, will be promoted.

The contribution of all stakeholders is of the utmost importance.

Allowing managers to buy shares at prices fixed in advance was intended to align their interests with those of other shareholders by giving them a personal stake in building the value of the company. But, for some managers, stock options have created an incentive to inflate profits and hide losses, thereby enriching themselves artificially while jeopardizing their companies and other shareholders.

But actions taken in the name of shareholder value often benefit only those whose wealth is closely tied to the company s profits, and may actually be harmful to many shareholders. Despite their claims that they are pursuing shareholder value, the actions of top managers, in particular, often reflect only their own interests, rather than those of shareholders who often hold the great majority of the shares.

Mechanisms for ensuring the engagement and participation of stakeholders across the affected countries are essential.

Widely held and controlled companies differ considerably in the governance problems their investors face. In widely held firms, the concern is about opportunism by managers, who exercise de facto control in controlled firms, the concern is about opportunism by the controlling shareholder at the expense of minority shareholders.

To realize the multi stakeholder approach, it was essential that all relevant stakeholders participate in each of the consultations.

Article 12 had been included as a saving clause to protect the interests of shareholders in instances where their rights had been directly injured by an internationally wrongful act.

Periodic and comprehensive surveys of stakeholders should be conducted.

Ownership and shareholder rights

Contrary to bankers claims, increasing equity requirements significantly, and thus safeguarding the financial system s stability, is in the public interest including the interest of most shareholders. By contrast, preserving the status quo, or implementing inadequate regulation, would allow bankers to continue to profit at the expense of others.

Peace in the Middle East is in the interest of all parties concerned.

To safeguard their interests, bankers have lobbied relentlessly against regulations that would require them to rely less on borrowing and more on retained earnings or new equity to fund their lending and investments. They cite the need to deliver high returns for shareholders, implying that tighter regulations undermine shareholders interests.

CEOs and boards are themselves subject to major conflicts of interest, because they don t represent the true interest of their firms ultimate shareholders.

Where there is affiliation relationship between the material assets reorganization of the listed company and the shareholders of the listed company or their affiliates, the affiliated shareholders shall withdraw from voting when the general meeting of shareholders takes a vote on the material assets reorganization.

The plenary discussion elaborated on the methods of assessing knowledge gaps, the format of a conceptual map, ways of interacting with stakeholders, identification of stakeholders and communication of results.

(d) Create synergies with other development interventions and benefit from partnerships with non United Nations stakeholders.

The central importance of local government cooperation with other stakeholders was also emphasized.

Again, gathering together farmers, gathering together stakeholders in East Africa to get standards for organic produce. Better prices.

Stakeholders

Stakeholders.

In particular, the codes emphasize the need for enterprises to address the interests of a range of stakeholders in order to promote the long term sustainability of the enterprise.

The outputs from the monitoring and oversight processes would be directed to implementers of and stakeholders in SAICM.

As a result, executives were not exposed to the potential negative consequences that large losses could bring about for preferred shareholders, bondholders, and the government as a guarantor of deposits. These structures provided executives with incentives to give insufficient weight to the possibility of large losses, which in turn motivated executives to take excessive risks.

Instead, special interests compete for influence through campaign contributions and other forms of political donations. They also run large, sophisticated media campaigns aimed at persuading policymakers and the public that what is good for their special interest is good for the country.