Aid was seen as contributing to capital accumulation (human, as well as physical).

In the long run, trade's positive influence comes through the utilization and upgrading of productive capacities, innovation and accumulation of physical, human and organizational capital.

13. Capital accumulation was a key factor in economic growth.

The most crucial variable in this respect is the pace and pattern of capital accumulation.

In addition, the physical capital loss is estimated to be around 3.5 billion, as a result of destruction of private and public infrastructure and capital stock and overuse of surviving physical capital.

Pursuing its comparative advantage strengthens a country s resilience to crisis and allows for the rapid accumulation of human and physical capital. Developing countries with such characteristics are able to turn factor endowments from relatively labor or resource abundant to relatively capital abundant in the span of a generation.

(2) to withdraw 10 of the legal accumulation fund, and it is allowed to stop withdrawing the legal accumulation fund if its progressive total reaches 50 of the registered capital

Finally, the policies also contributed to growth by easing key macroeconomic constraints on capital accumulation, including particularly the balance of payments constraint on capital goods imports.

Deductions to capital accumulation pension funds amount to 10 of the monthly income for both women and men.

In many developing countries, IPAs do not pay adequate attention to the potential for attracting FDI that could contribute to knowledge accumulation but focus rather on capital accumulation in tangible assets.

Significantly, the reciprocity between government support and private sector performance entailed a faster rate of capital accumulation and growth.

And what is required is a combination of physical capital, institutional capital, human capital and security, of course, is critical, but so is information.

The part retained in the enterprise out of the legal accumulation funds after converting into increased capital shall not be less than 25 of the registered capital before the conversion.

(f) Creating a socio economic environment that fosters accumulation of various kinds of capital throughout the course of life, including old age economic, environmental, social, human, cultural and spiritual capital.

In 1998, Kazakhstan became the first country in the CIS to begin a systematic transition to a capital accumulation pension system.

The country requires human and physical capital to raise productivity and achieve sustained growth.

In the interplay of linkages that make up a virtuous growth regime, capital accumulation holds a central place in Africa, as elsewhere.

Combined with efforts to maintain a competitive exchange rate, this has led to considerable reserve accumulation, but also a concomitant capital outflow.

42. The workshop discussed issues relating to capital accumulation and trade, a critical assessment of policies and institutions, and issues in regional integration.

The sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) proposed in the project document as a tool for analysing the success of the project is based on the following set of broad success indicators natural capital, physical capital, social capital, human capital and financial capital.

In the light of this, the Commission designed and implemented policies to strengthen domestic capabilities to generate financial resources for investment and capital accumulation.

Fifty years ago, development theorists focused almost exclusively on the objective of increasing GDP, with capital accumulation regarded as the main requirement for growth.

28. Recent experience shows that reducing the balance of payments constraint is a necessary but not always sufficient condition for promoting capital accumulation and exports.

In the recipient economies, it can contribute to physical capital formation, human capital development, transfer of technology and know how, and expansion of markets and foreign trade.

At present, the accumulation of wealth is accompanied by the accumulation of poverty.

In Africa, as in other parts of the world, the debt problem and resource requirements are inextricably linked to the capacity for capital accumulation and growth.

Governments of developing countries have sought to promote industrial development and export expansion not only through macro economic policies aimed at providing favourable framework conditions, but also through policy measures at the microeconomic level intended to reduce supply side impediments by accelerating the dynamic process of accumulation of physical capital, skills and technology.

As of 1 July 2004, there were 6,538,012 participants in the capital accumulation system, 2,976,880 of which were women, who constitute 45 of the total number of contributors.

India can continue to thrive if it invests in physical and human capital and pursues prudent fiscal and monetary policies.

The economic and physical capital costs to the Palestinian economy of the past five years of hostilities continue to mount.

Secondly, the overall rate of capital accumulation was raised as the result of forward and backward linkage effects that these favoured sectors generated for the rest of the economy.

Thus, the IMF s recommendation to use capital controls only after exhausting interest rate adjustment, reserve accumulation, and prudential regulation is out of step with the profession. Indeed, recent work in economic theory shows that capital controls can actually be the optimal policy choice.

Similarly, sustainable, long term capital flows, particularly greenfield FDI, are primarily attracted to countries that have already achieved rapid economic growth and steady improvements in human and physical infrastructure Thus, for those with a robust investment dynamic in both physical and human capital, trade and FDI can reinforce an established virtuous growth circle.

That said, in the interplay of linkages making up a virtuous growth regime, capital accumulation seems to provide one important link from launching an industrial take off to sustaining catch up growth.

Efforts could also be made to develop physical and economic infrastructure and human capital in order to attract and absorb foreign investment flows.

But in any discussion of the forces governing the process of capital accumulation, the manner in which the richest stratum of society acquires and uses its income appears to be of particular significance.

22. A number of factors account for the successful management of super normal profits in East Asian NIEs in accelerating capital accumulation and growth, compared with other developing countries that pursued similar policies.

A factor worthy of note is that developing economies in the ESCAP region have become net exporters of capital as persistent current account surpluses in some countries combined with a sharp increase in net private capital flows have been reflected primarily in the substantial accumulation of official reserves.

As of the present time, however, not only is development viewed from a broader vantage point, but it is generally recognized that capital accumulation is a necessary, but far from sufficient, condition for growth.

in the event of an accumulation of anomalies

To manage exorbitant demand for financial and physical assets, China s leaders must address its root cause the low cost of capital. Doing so will require maintaining some capital account control, while raising interest rates to market clearing levels.

While that growth pattern is fragile, if physical capital formation is insufficient, the economies of Egypt and Jordan are expected to expand further in 2005.

The result is the accumulation of innovative capital and productive labour in the most developed countries, with a corresponding impoverishment of countries most in need of those resources, generating yet greater divergence and more inequalities.

This has been a major factor in recent currency and financial crises, with serious negative impacts on macroeconomic stability that has reduced flexibility for macroeconomic policies and produced adverse effects on capital accumulation and growth.

At the ninth session of UNCTAD, Governments recognized that development had evolved from a narrow focus on economic growth and capital accumulation to a multidimensional process, with the ultimate goal of bettering the human condition.