However, at the national level, competition authorities powers remained limited, particularly when practices had international dimensions.

All competition authorities of CEECs receive the Competition Policy Newsletter.

For a commentary, see G. Lipimile, Allocation of competences between national and regional competition authorities, in UNCTAD, Trade And Competition Issues Experiences At Regional Level.

He also stressed the importance of international assistance in developing national competition laws and regulations, and thanked the UNCTAD secretariat for the help it had provided with respect to the enactment of competition legislation and the setting up of national competition authorities.

Regarding Cooperation Between Their Competition Authorities In the Enforcement of Their Competition Laws

A Competition Commission is established at the regional level to apply competition rules in respect of anti competitive cross border business conduct, promote competition in the Community and coordinate the implementation of the Community Competition Policy it is to collaborate on enforcement with national competition authorities.

Positive comity allocation of competence among competition authorities

Source OECD, Relationship between regulators and competition authorities, 1999.

Some of these projects were carried out jointly with the World Bank, and many benefited from the assistance of national competition authorities.

These projects aim at providing support mainly to African countries in the formulation of national competition law and policy and consumer protection legislation and the establishment of competition and consumer protection authorities.

In any coordination arrangement, each Party's competition authorities will seek to conduct their enforcement activities consistently with the enforcement objectives of the other Party's competition authorities.

An updated version of the Directory of Competition Authorities and

(iii) An updated version of the Directory of Competition Authorities.

(iii) An updated version of the Directory of Competition Authorities.

The lists will be sent out to competition authorities and State aid monitoring authorities in CEECs.

Competition Authorities of three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) agreed by memorandum of understanding to provide assistance to each other in their activities related to supervision of competition according to their national legislation.

This case exemplifies cooperation and exchange of information between competition authorities.

Source Adapted from OECD, Relationship between regulators and competition authorities, 1999.

(b) An updated version of the Directory of Competition Authorities and

All of these three regional arrangements have a supranational character, as in the case of the EU (which provides for common regional competition rules to be enforced by both the EU Commission and national competition authorities).

The Central European conferences aim at high level exchanges of views on competition policy, thereby contributing to the enhancement of cooperation both between the European Commission and CEECs apos competition authorities and among the CEECs apos competition authorities themselves.

Many countries had now adopted competition laws, and new issues were arising, such as determining the laws applicable to cross border competition cases, whether laws should aim at protecting national or international markets, and how competition authorities could cooperate and on the basis of which rules.

(d) National Trade and Competition Directorate (DNCC)

Through these campaigns, competition authorities stimulate a culture of competition and make the public realize how harmful anti competitive practices are.

Designated national authorities

Designated national authorities

II. NATIONAL AUTHORITIES

1. National authorities

They include, in particular, studies on Advocacy functions of competition authorities Competition aspects of the main WTO agreements Competition policy in countries in transition , FDI related issues of competition and RBPs and The development dimension of competition law and policy .

Technical cooperation provided to Estonia has consisted, in particular, of seminars organized for competition authorities and lawyers on competition policy issues, and assistance in the implementation of competition law.

This can be done through advocacy programmes designed and implemented by competition authorities.

However, there is still much room for improvement of enforcement techniques and also coordination between newly established competition authorities in developing countries and economies in transition with the competition authorities of developed countries.

Cooperation between national authorities

The tools which competition authorities used were sometimes inadequate to deal with such cases.

Scholarships to train officials responsible for the control of competition in specialized institutions, as well as internships with competition authorities experienced in this field

It encourages the Iraqi authorities to engage with all those who renounce violence and to create a political atmosphere conducive to national reconciliation and political competition through peaceful means.

(Sites of other national competition agencies have similar information.

This also exemplifies a situation where competition offenders can choose to cooperate with competition authorities to resolve cases without having to undergo rigorous court procedures.

Officials of the Parties' competition authorities shall meet periodically to exchange information on their current enforcement efforts and priorities in relation to their competition laws.

11. The Seminar on the Enforcement of National Laws on Competition and Restrictive Business Practices (Colombo, 28 April 2 May 1997), organized by the German Government (DSE and the Federal Cartel Office) in cooperation with UNCTAD, provided an interesting exchange of experiences between experts from national competition authorities of Germany and Sri Lanka.

The relationship between competition authorities and sectoral regulators, particularly with respect to abuse of dominant positions

In practice, however, it is often difficult for competition authorities to achieve results in this area.

Links to national authorities vary widely.

It has been suggested that there is a need for systematic monitoring of industrial conditions and the structure, conduct and performance of particular industries by competition authorities, in collaboration with other governmental authorities and with competition authorities overseas. See Robert D. Anderson and S. Dev Khosla, Competition policy as a dimension of economic policy A comparative perspective, Occasional Paper No. 7, Industry Canada, May 1995.

The Model Law states that competition authorities should assess regulatory barriers to competition incorporated in economic and administrative regulations from an economic perspective, including for general interest reasons.